Background: The COVID‑19 pandemic and associated public health measures have disrupted the lives of people around the world. It is already evident that the direct and indirect psychological and social effects of the COVID‑19 pandemic are insidious and affect the mental health of young children and adolescents now and will in the future. The aim and objectives of this knowledge-synthesis study were to identify the impact of the pandemic on children’s and adolescent’s mental health and to evaluate the effectiveness of different interventions employed during previous and the current pandemic to promote children’s and adolescents’ mental health. Methodology: We conducted the systematic review according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and included experimental randomized and nonrandomized controlled trials, observational studies, and qualitative studies. Results: Of the 5828 articles that we retrieved, 18 articles met the inclusion criteria. We thematically analyzed them and put the major findings under the thematic areas of impact of the pandemic on children’s and adolescents’ mental health. These studies reported that pandemics cause stress, worry, helplessness, and social and risky behavioral problems among children and adolescents (e.g., substance abuse, suicide, relationship problems, academic issues, and absenteeism from work). Interventions such as art-based programs, support services, and clinician-led mental health and psychosocial services effectively decrease mental health issues among children and adolescents. Conclusion: Children and adolescents are more likely to experience high rates of depression and anxiety during and after a pandemic. It is critical that future researchers explore effective mental health strategies that are tailored to the needs of children and adolescents. Explorations of effective channels regarding the development and delivery of evidenced-based, age-appropriate services are vital to lessen the effects and improve long-term capacities for mental health services for children and adolescents. Key Practitioner Message: The COVID-19 pandemic’s physical restrictions and social distancing measures have affected each and every domain of life. Although the number of children and adolescents affected by the disease is small, the disease and the containment measures such as social distancing, school closure, and isolation have negatively impacted the mental health and well-being of children and adolescents. The impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of children and adolescents is of great concern. Anxiety, depression, disturbances in sleep and appetite, as well as impairment in social interactions are the most common presentations. It has been indicated that compared to adults, this pandemic may continue to have increased long term adverse consequences on children’s and adolescents’ mental health. As the pandemic continues, it is important to monitor the impact on children’s and adolescents’ mental health status and how to help them to improve their mental health outcomes in the time of the current or future pandemics.

Background: The COVID 19 pandemic and associated public health measures have disrupted the lives of people around the world. It is already evident that the direct and indirect psychological and social effects of the COVID 19 pandemic are insidious and affect the mental health of young children and adolescents now and will in the future. The aim and objectives of this knowledge-synthesis study were to identify the impact of the pandemic on children’s and adolescent’s mental health and to evaluate the effectiveness of different interventions employed during previous and the current pandemic to promote children’s and adolescent’s mental health. Methodology: We conducted the systematic review according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and included experimental randomized, nonrandomized controlled trials; observational studies; and qualitative studies. Results: Of the 5,828 articles that we retrieved, 18 articles met the inclusion criteria. We thematically analyzed and put up the major findings under the thematic areas of impact of pandemic on children and adolescent’s mental health. These studies reported that pandemics cause stress, worry, helplessness, and social and risky behavioral problems among children and adolescents (e.g., substance abuse, suicide, relationship problems, academic issues, absenteeism from work). Interventions such as art-based programs, support services, and clinician-led mental health and psychosocial services effectively decrease mental health issues among children and adolescents. Conclusion: Children and adolescents are more likely to experience high rates of depression and anxiety during and after a pandemic. It is critical that future researchers explore effective mental health strategies that are tailored to the needs of children and adolescents. Explorations of effective channels regarding the development and delivery of evidence-based, age-appropriate services are vital to lessen the effects and improve long-term capacities for mental health services for children and adolescents.

Background: Health care systems in many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) face considerable challenges in providing high-quality, affordable, and universally accessible care. Feasible solutions to these issues require health literacy (HL) interventions for people who live in LMICs. Low HL is a significant problem in many LMICs because of the low levels of general literacy and poorly resourced and functioning health systems. A comprehensive understanding of HL interventions is essential to determine whether these interventions meet the health information needs of people who live in LMICs and to develop other effective HL interventions specifically for people who live in LMICs, improve health outcomes, and reduce inequalities. Methods: A medical research librarian developed and implemented search strategies to identify relevant evidence. Included studies needed to contain HL in LMICs component to understand or evaluate HL interventions that target people who live in LMICs. Two reviewers selected studies, conducted quality assessments, and extracted data by using standard forms. Discussion or third-party adjudication resolved disagreements. The collected data include the design of the study, type of HL intervention, target audience, theoretical influences, approaches to evaluating the intervention delivered, intervention received, intervention fidelity, intervention reach, data analysis, and study outcomes. Key Results: The reviewers systematically analyzed the data from 23 published research studies, including 20 quantitative, 1 qualitative, and 2 mixed-method studies, on HL interventions to improve the health outcomes in LMICs. The various HL interventions for different groups of the population depend on the health outcomes of the study. The reviewers identified four themes: traditional HL interventions, art-based HL interventions, interactive learning strategies, and technology-based HL interventions. The researchers of a few studies also used multicomponent interventions to improve the HL of the population. Discussion: Despite global improvements in health indicators over time, such as decreased mortality and morbidity, significant challenges remain regarding the quality of the delivery of health care in many LMICs. All of the HL interventions were effective and significantly improved the knowledge and awareness of the population. However, based on the literature review, the reviewers found significant evidence that only a limited number of HL interventions are delivered through innovative and technological learning strategies. In addition, the sustainability and scalability of these interventions is not clear. Therefore, future research on sustainability measures for effective HL interventions in LMICs is still needed. [ HLRP: Health Literacy Research and Practice . 2020;4(4):e250–e266.]

Health plays an important role in shaping the human capital. Good health enhances the productivity and efficacy of the labor force which leads to the economic growth and human welfare. World health organization (WHO) has defined health system as "all organizations, people and actions whose primary intent is to promote, restore or maintain health". Healthcare delivery system is comprehensive therefore; for the analysis purpose; WHO health care system framework will be used. It has six building blocks which will be utilized as an instrument. The six blocks is comprised of leadership, human resource, information, medical products and technology, financing and service delivery. Intermediate output leads to the desired health outcomes. This paper presents the comprehensive analysis of the health care systems of Pakistan and United States America with the help of WHO health care system framework followed by health system challenges and concludes with some practical strategies to overcome those challenges.

Healthcare delivery system is an arrangement that serves best to any country's population with effective, efficient and fair distributions of resources, and funds through organized infrastructure to thrive well. Better health improves country's labor force and ultimately raises human welfare and economic stability. This healthy labor force and productive human capital resources can be attained through structured healthcare facilities by the government for its people. Globally, health sectors varies from country to country and it depends on how much expenditures on health is been effectively utilized. In majority of the developing countries, private healthcare sectors, donor, and out of pocket expenditures are the primary contributors in health care services that may raise human capital and economic growth of the country. Whereas, public health sectors remains underprivileged due to structural fragmentation, lack of resources, and functional inabilities. This paper is mainly going to discuss about health care delivery system of Pakistan in comparison to China followed by organizational structure, analysis of both the healthcare systems, and some recommendations to improve healthcare reform and its utilization.