Waste or by-product use is in focus for reducing the environmental threat and acquiring wealth out of waste. The current study aim was to investigate the effects of ultrasound pretreatment on the extraction of bioactive compounds and composition of essential oils extracted from citrus waste. The response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize higher yield extraction parameters. Pretreatment of ultrasound-assisted extraction recovered 33% enhanced yield with reduced time and was economical as compared to conventional hydro-distilled process. The functional quality of essential oil was determined using FTIR and GC-MS. Antioxidants from citrus peel and pulp/pomace were extracted and analyzed by spectroscopic techniques. The quantification of bioactive compounds from citrus waste was performed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Mass transfer rate of antioxidants from peel and pomace were 30% increased as a result of ultrasound-assisted treatment. The significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher TPC (735.54 mg/100 g) and antioxidant activity (44.26%) was recorded in Citrus sinensis Pulp and peel respectively. The bioactive compounds such as hesperidin (31.52 mg/100 g) was significantly higher in (p ≤ 0.05) in Citrus sinensis pulnd extract. Vanillin was found 1.21 mg/100 g in peel extract of citrus fruit, moreover vanillin was not detected in pulp extract. Myrecitin was not detected in both the samples. The bioactive natural compounds extracted from citrus peel can be used in food and pharma sector as natural anti-oxidantcompounds.
Waste or by-product utilisation is on focus to reduce the environmental threat and acquiring wealth out of waste. This study was planned to understand the effect of high shear homogenisation (SH) on physicochemical, microstructural, particle size, dietary fibre and volatile composition of residual pineapple pulp (RPP) for its utilisation. Shear homogenisation with three levels of rotor speed, that is 5000, 15 000 and 30 000 rpm, was employed for 5, 10 and 15 min. These responses reveal that the shear speed of 15 000 rpm for 10 min was relatively better in colour retention and enhanced soluble dietary fibre (SDF) by 48%. Increased levels of SDF after treatment help in the utilisation of RPP and its suitability for food supplementation. A gradual reduction in particle size from 40 to 400 lm was observed with shear homogenisation. Optical microscopy images revealed that larger cell fragments, fibrous nature and dense hairy mass of pomace were disrupted at 15 000 rpm. Moderate shear speed triggers the release of additional aroma volatiles, whereas higher rpm and time resulted in degradation of volatiles. The shear homogenised RPP is used for the development of fibre-enriched yoghurt and incorporation at a 5% level resulted in high acceptable sensory scores.
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