BackgroundProstate cancer (PC) is a global public health problem. PC is the second most common cause of cancer deaths among Whites, African Americans, American Indians and Hispanic men [1]. Estimates suggest that by 2030, 1.7 million new cases of PC and 499,000 related deaths will occur if the trend is not interrupted [2]. Several studies have shown that occupational exposures are risk factors of prostate cancer [3], besides race, family history and age. Soldiers are more likely to be diagnosed with prostate cancer compared with the general population [4]. Partly because, they are more exposed to cancer-causing agents, such as pesticides, metals, chemicals, radiation, warfare chemical, fuels and solvent, compared with the general population [5]. Moreover, soldiers are more exposed to cadmium, which is a risk factor for prostate cancer. Cadmium is used in military installations, including surface treatment in aerospace and weapons systems to prevent corrosion. Further, soldiers are frequently exposed to sunlight and physical fitness coupled with unhealthy behaviours, such as smoking, alcohol consumption and unhealthy diets,
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