Objective sleep measures differed significantly between the young and postmenopausal groups. These differences may be more because of the physiology of ageing than the rapid changes across the menopause, since similar sleep characteristics were already present in the premenopausal women. The increase in sleep complaints after menopause was not associated with sleepiness or disturbances in objective sleep quality, mood or cognitive performance.

Post- and premenopausal women present with similar signs and symptoms when referred to sleep studies. However, sleep-disordered breathing is more severe in postmenopausal than in premenopausal women.

Longitudinal research is needed to better understand the possible contributory role of menopause in lower melatonin levels.

HT, with estradiol valerate and norethisterone, in healthy women showed only minor effects on attention around the menopausal transition and on memory in postmenopause.

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In premenopausal and late postmenopausal women, EPT had only random and marginal effects on sleep. Although the limited findings were mostly unfavorable for EPT, one cannot conclude that EPT deteriorates sleep. Further, neither middle-aged cycling premenopausal women nor older postmenopausal women benefit from estrogen-progestin treatment in terms of their sleep quality.

Menopause was associated with decreased 24-h levels of GH and PRL, which were reversible with EPT. In contrast, cortisol levels were not affected by menopause or EPT. In middle-aged premenopausal women, the studied effects of EPT were limited to nighttime increases of PRL and cortisol.