Background: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a common emergency and life-threatening illness. Also, if not detected early, early treatment in the emergency room can cause serious complications. The goal of managing type 1 diabetes is to maintain the correct levels of blood sugar, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), blood pressure, lipid levels, and body weight while avoiding hypoglycemia. Treatment of type 1 diabetes requires proper insulin treatment, proper nutrition, physical activity, preventive education, and patient self-care Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine parental perceptions of DKA symptoms in children with type 1 diabetes in the Northern Region of Saudi Arabia. Methods: In the Northern Region of Saudi Arabia, a cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2020 to May 2021 among parents with diabetic children at the Diabetes Center in the Northern Region of Saudi Arabia using a pre-designed online questionnaire distributed on social media web-sites to collect data.  Data was analyzed by using statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS, version 23) and results was presented by tabular and graphical presentation according to the study objectives. Results: only 42.9% of our participants responded that they have good knowledge about DKA. 19.2% thought it only occurs in children. 43.3% of our participants knew that DKA is a complication of diabetes due to hyperglycemia. Regarding the source of information about DKA among our participants, our data demonstrated that only 22.9% of our participants got their information about DKA from the doctors, and 31.8% of the participants had the internet as their source of information regarding DKA. In the current study, 14% of the participants said that they had a child had DKA at least one, and 91.6% of them were admitted to the hospital. There was a significant relation with gender, age of the parent, and educational level, while it showed insignificant relation with marital status. Conclusion: In conclusion, knowledge of most of parents of diabetic children about diabetic ketoacidosis is poor. Their main knowledge source is not trustful or adequate. Their main knowledge source is not trustful or adequate. Therefore, we recommend policy makers to held health education to parents and/or caregivers of type 1 diabetic children regarding all aspects of DKA. It must be properly achieved in a structured manner based on a general outline that should include education at the onset of treatment and then repeated based upon an annual assessment of patients’ training needs or upon their own request. Areas of poor knowledge related to diabetes and diabetic ketoacidosis should be emphasized during health education sessions.

All mothers should breastfeed their infants, initiate breastfeeding within the first hour of life and continuing breastfeeding up to 2 years of age or beyond. Some conditions nissisate formula feeding. Because every child has separate needs, there are a variety of infant and pediatric formulas from that to choose. Not only are there several categories of formulas counting milk protein-based, soy protein-based, hydrolyzed protein, and amino acid-based, but there are changes between products within each group. The advent of Internet mediums that facilitate peer-to-peer human milk sharing has resulted in health authorities stating that the allotment of human milk is dangerous. There are risks associated with all forms of infant feeding, including breastfeeding and the use of manufactured infant formulas. Nevertheless, a small number of health conditions of the infant or the mother may justify endorsing that she does not breastfeed provisionally or enduringly. However, Baby formulas rarely cause serious lateral effects. But food allergies, nutrient deficiency, or baby formula contamination can lead to serious fitness problems if left unchecked.

MEN syndromes are a collection of autosomal dominant disease including MEN 1 and MEN 2. Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndromes are infrequent inherited disorders in which more than one endocrine glands develop noncancerous (benign) or cancerous (malignant) tumors or grow excessively without forming tumors. There are 3 famous and well-known forms of MEN syndromes (MEN 1, MEN 2A, and MEN 2B) and a newly documented one (MEN4). These syndromes are infrequent and occurred in all ages and both men and women. MEN1 is the most often happening form of MENs. The information of MEN’s genetic alterations and the connection among genotype and phenotype could be beneficial for MEN disease management. (MEN1) implicated IN primarily by tumors of the parathyroid glands, endocrine gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) tract and anterior pituitary. Before MEN-1 can be diagnosed it must be suspected, genetic screening for MEN-1 is recommended when an individual has 2 or more MEN-1 related tumors, MEN2 associates with medullary thyroid carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, and primaryhype- rparathyroidism. MEN2A and MEN2B should be suspected in any patient diagnosed with MTC or pheochromocytoma, particularly when the age of presentation is very young (younger than 35), the genetic testing for RET proto-oncogene is employed to diagnose and identify a specific type of mutation present. Treatment is mainly surgical in most cases of multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome.

This review aimed to summarize the updates in the causes, diagnosis and management of knee injuries in children and adolescents. Knee injuries are common and are often the result of multiple forces: varus, valgus, hyperextension, hyperflexion, internal rotation, external rotation, anterior or posterior translation, and axial loading. Certain combinations of force are known to cause specific patterns of injury. A knee injury can affect any ligaments, tendons, or fluid-filled sacs (bursae) that surround the knee joint, as well fas the bones, cartilage, and ligaments that make up the joint itself. ACL injuries are one of the most common types of knee injuries, including a torn meniscus that is common in sports that require jumping jacks, patellar fractures, and knee bruises. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is often used to more fully evaluate knee injuries. Radiologists can accurately identify individual lesions and combinations of lesions. Surgical and non-surgical treatments are performed depending on the case.

Neonatal jaundice refers to the yellow coloration of the skin and sclera of newborn babies that results from hyperbilirubinemia. About 50% of term and 80% of preterm babies develop jaundice in the first week of life. Jaundice is also a common cause of readmission to hospital after early discharge of newborn babies. Jaundice mainly develop due to two factors—the cessation of fetal hemoglobin as it is substituted with adult hemoglobin and the comparatively immature metabolic trails of the liver, which are incapable to conjugate and so expel bilirubin as quickly as an adult. This grounds an accretion of bilirubin in the blood (hyperbilirubinemia), causes the symptoms of jaundice. The typical results in an infant who has cholestasis are prolonged jaundice, scleral icterus, acholic stools, dark yellow urine, and hepatomegaly. Trying of diagnosis of children with jaundice must begin with the classification of serum bilirubin into total bilirubin and direct (or combined) bilirubin. Phototherapy is introduced based on risk influences in the nomogram and  serum bilirubin levels. IV immunoglobulin is suggested for cumulative bilirubin levels from isoimmune hemolysis regardless of phototherapyand exchange transfusion is designated if there is a risk of neurologic dysfunction regardless beginning of phototherapy. This review aims to summarize current evidence regarding epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis and management of neonatal cholestasis.