The potential value of DNA barcoding for the identification of medicinal plants and authentication of traded plant materials has been widely recognized; however, a number of challenges remain before DNA methods are fully accepted as an essential quality control method by industry and regulatory authorities. The successes and limitations of conventional DNA barcoding are considered in relation to important members of the Lamiaceae. The mint family (Lamiaceae) contains over one thousand species recorded as having a medicinal use, with many more exploited in food and cosmetics for their aromatic properties. The family is characterized by a diversity of secondary products, most notably the essential oils (EOs) produced in external glandular structures on the aerial parts of the plant that typify well-known plants of the basil (Ocimum), lavender (Lavandula), mint (Mentha), thyme (Thymus), sage (Salvia) and related genera. This complex, species-rich family includes widely cultivated commercial hybrids and endangered wild-harvested traditional medicines, and examples of potential toxic adulterants within the family are explored in detail. The opportunities provided by next generation sequencing technologies to whole plastome barcoding and nuclear genome sequencing are also discussed with relevant examples.
In their most recent classification of Apocynaceae in 2000, Endress and Bruyns recognized five subfamilies of Apocynaceae (Rauvolfioideae, Apocynoideae, Periplocoideae, Secamonoideae and Asclepiadoideae). Subsequently, through various studies using molecular data, it has been shown that most tribes and subtribes of Rauvolfioideae were not monophyletic, and new tribes and subtribes have been erected to reflect improved phylogenetic understanding of the family: Aspidospermeae in Rauvolfioideae; Nerieae, Odontadenieae and Baisseeae in Apocynoideae; Fockeeae in Asclepiadoideae; and Orthosiinae in Asclepiadeae. Several genera in Rauvolfioideae have been reassigned to different tribes in order to improve the monophyly of these tribes. The sister group of Asclepiadoideae plus Secamonoideae is not Periplocoideae, as formerly assumed, but tribe Baisseeae. Periplocoideae are nested in Apocynoideae. However, tribal composition remains unclear in some parts of the family. Clade structure in Apocynaceae is now generally well understood. The principal challenges now lie in identifying characters that can reflect and articulate these clades in a formal classification. Species‐rich, recent radiations such as core Asclepiadinae in Africa and the Metastematinae in Latin America present particular problems in this regard. © 2013 The Linnean Society of London
Artemisia L. of the family Astereacae is a genus with enormous economical and medicinal importance. As a result, the genus Artemisia has been the subject of diversity-focused studies. In the present study, phylogenetic analysis based on restriction fragment length polymorphism of the chloroplast rps11 gene was conducted on eight species of Artemisia that represent the major morphological subgroups. After digestion of the rps11 gene that was amplified from eight species, with six different restriction enzymes, each restriction site was observed and scored on a 12% polyacrylamide gel. The data were analyzed using the Numerical Taxonomy and Multivariate Analysis System to infer the phylogenetic relationship within the genus. A mixed pattern was observed among the species belonging to various taxonomic groups of Artemisia
Artemisia is an important genus of Asteraceae and has a high number of taxa, ecological and economic importance. Its natural classification has not been achieved and the taxonomists are trying to solve the problem of its classification over the last two decades. The genus Artemisia can be divided into five large sections namely: Absinthium DC, Artemisia L., Dracunculus Besser, Seriphidium Besser and Tridentatae (Rybd.). In the present study, three species (A. vulgaris, A. roxburghiana and A. absinthium) belonging to groups Artemisia (A. vulgaris and A. roxburghiana) and Absinthium (A. absinthium) were collected from Rawalakot, Azad Jammu and Kashmir. The species were analyzed for the assessment of morphological and genetic diversity and relationship was estimated among and within the different species of Artemisia. The morphological and molecular data were analyzed using software NTSYS (Numerical Taxonomy and Multivariate Analysis System) pc version 2.01. For molecular study, random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was used to detect genetic variations among the species. Out of the ten random primers used, nine have given amplification profiles. A total 611 bands were produced by all the primers, of which 419 were polymorphic and level of polymorphism was detected to be 68% across all the samples of studied species. Based on the results obtained, it has been observed that there is a wide range of diversity both at morphological and molecular level among and within the species. Further, mixed pattern of grouping in cluster analysis was found, indicating the close affinities of species with each other.
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