Objective: To find out the knowledge, awareness and screening practices of cervical cancer among nurses at Lahore general Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional, interview based study was conducted on 250 nurses at Lahore general Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan. The duration of this study was one year from 2017 to 2018. All the cases underwent interview based information regarding cervical cases. The questionnaire was applied to assess the knowledge, awareness and screening practices about cervical cancer among nurses. Data was collected via self-made proforma. Results: Most of the study participants were less than 35 years. 72% nurses were married and 28% were married. Most of the study participants 96% known that cervical cancer is the abnormal growth of cervical cells and few were unaware regarding it. According to causes of cervical cancer, 70% to 75.6% participants agreed with the causes of early marriage and multiple sex partners, while others had ideas of smoking, infection and hereditary causes. 25.5% nurses answered that it can occur in any age group, 11.2% replied in reproductive age group, 42.8% were agreed with menopausal age group and 20.4% had no idea. 75.6% to 95.5% nurses were in the favor of scanning, pap smear test and cervical biopsy methods. 85 participants said it is a preventable disease via vaccination, early diagnosis and safe sex activities. Conclusion: It was concluded that nurses had satisfactory knowledge and screening practice cervical cancer at Lahore general Hospital.
Gonorrhoeae or gonococcal infection is worldwide sexually transmitted bacterial problem caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The current study has been conducted to develop rapid and reliable diagnostics techniques for identification of gonorrhoeae and its incidence in Lahore region of Punjab, Pakistan. Total of 200 endo-cervical discharge samples were collected from symptomatic and asymptomatic patients reported with the history of gynecological problems attending OPD of Lahore general hospital, Lahore Pakistan. Each of the labeled sample was streaked on chocolate agar/Thayer-Martin Medium and incubated for 24-72 hours in the presence of 5% CO2. Grayish-white, opaque, rounded 1-2mm colonies showed gram negative diplococcic in microscopy and revealed positive oxidase and catalase reaction. Results of PCR based analysis on screened colonies showed that 12% of the isolates developed 260bp amplicon size products against ORF1 type specific primer in gel electrophoresis system. Prevalence of N. gonorrhoeae in symptomatic patients of age group ≥30 and ≤30 is 20% and 11% respectively as compared to the asymptomatic patients of age group of ≥30 and ≤30 is 7% and 10% respectively. Similarly, prevalence of married and un-married symptomatic patients was 6% and 36% to that of asymptomatic patients (8% and 3%). The prevalence of N. gonorrhoeae in symptomatic patients of PID and cervicitus is 37.5% and 6.25% and the prevalence of N. gonorrhoeae in asymptomatic patients of PID and cervicitus is 5% and 6% respectively. Culture sensitivity results showed that all isolates were sensitive to Penicillin, Tetracycline, Spectinomycin, Ciprofloxacin and Ceftriaxone.
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is common in ladies living in developing countries which may progress to complications such as pyelonephritis and preterm delivery during pregnancy. The present study provides an insight for causative agent of UTI, their prevalence in pregnant ladies and its association with age, metabolic disorder and gestational period. Total of 375 midstream samples were collected from pregnant women, pure culture were segregated on selective media and identified through analytical profile index (API) to evaluate prevalence of uropathogens in UTI and ASB patients. Isolated uropathogenic E. coli were further characterized by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using specific primers for genotype cjrA, cjrB, and cjrC. Among 375 midstream urine samples of pregnant women, 160 cases of UTI and ASB (≥10 5 CFU) were recorded. API analysis of such samples showed 65(40.6%), 55(34.35%) and 40(25%) of E. coli, Enterococci and Staphylococci respectively. Furthermore, PCR based characterization of E. coli revealed 42(64.61%) prevalence of both cjrA and cjrB genotype in asymptomatic and urinary tract infected patients. Prevalence of uropathogen in UTI suspected patients was found significantly higher in 20-40 age group 77(74.75%), diabetic patients 90(87.37%) and women reported in first trimester of gestation period 52(50.48%). Antibiotic susceptibility test results revealed that PCR confirmed uropathogenic E. coli was highly sensitive to Ceftriaxone, Amikacin, Nitofurantoin, Gentamicin and Ciprofloxacin with percentage of 79.2%, 76.4%, 75%, 61% and 52% respectively. Whereas, these isolates were resistant to Ampicillin 89%, Cefuroxime 70%, Amoxicillin 65%, Tobramycin 43% and Ceftazidime 22%.
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