The macroeconomic term Twin deficit is intensive of the study, which refers to a situation when in an economy both current account and the budget deficits are running at the correspondent time period. The core objective of the paper to investigate the relationship among the twin deficit hypothesis and major macroeconomic variables (Gross domestic product, Foreign Direct Investment, money supply, and interest rate). The results of the study founded through the secondary time series quarterly data from 1992-2018 of Pakistan’s economy. In the study to examine the stationary of data, applied Augmented Dickey-Fuller test and then used Vector Error Correction and Johansen co-integration Model to examine the short and long-term relationship among observed variables. The core finding of the study was that in short period along with long-run period Pakistan faced twin deficit situation due to positive association of current account deficit and Budget deficit. The outcomes of the study also indicate that GDP and FDI have positively long-run association while money supply and rate of interest have negatively long-run association with twin deficit. These results of the study are very helpful for the decision-making and implementation of fiscal, monetary and export policies in Pakistan.
Intellectual competencies of leaders are rarely been studied, especially in the context of QEC leadership. Therefore, the aim of this study is to examine the relationship of intellectual competencies of QEC leaders with reference to the private HEIs from Sindh. The data has been collected from top-positioned personnel of QEC and smart-PLS has been incorporated for analysis. Thorough statistical analysis indicated that the intellectual competencies of QEC leaders are important for fostering the progress of the QEC department as well as the level of quality and institutional performance.
Music is used for emotional control purposes and has been helpful in stress management and enhancing general well-being. Music could favourably affect consumers’ perceptions. The subject of this research is to see the connection between the music in Pakistani restaurants, as well as to analyse its impact on customer behaviour, and whether the music in the restaurant makes the customer pay more attention and make them spend more time in a restaurant. This study involved data collection and analysis from 395 Customers in a Pakistan restaurant industry. Smart PLS software was used to analyse the outcomes after data collection, and the conceptual framework was validated using structural equation modelling (SEM) and factor analysis. Based on our findings, background music and customers’ emotions are positively related. Further, results indicate that music is favourably connected to spending more time and money in the restaurant of Pakistan, with the mediation from consumers’ emotions. Background Music may aid in the growth of the Pakistan Restaurant industry since the findings of this study imply that customers will spend more money and time there due to the music. This study also suggests future research subjects on the evolution of the restaurant industry as a result of consumer emotions
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.