During a study on the biodiversity of yeasts and yeast-like ascomycetes from wild plants in Iran, four strains of yeast-like filamentous fungi were isolated from a healthy plant of Euphorbia polycaulis in the Qom Province, Iran (IR. of). All four strains formed small hyaline one-celled conidia from integrated conidiogenous cells directly on hyphae and sometimes on discrete phialides, as well as by microcyclic conidiation. Two strains additionally produced conidia in conidiomata that open by rupture. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences suggested the placement of these strains in the genera Collophorina (Leotiomycetes) and Coniochaeta (Sordariomycetes), respectively. Blast search results on NCBI GenBank and phylogenetic analyses of ITS, the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and the translation elongation factor 1α (EF-1α) sequences, and the nuclear large subunit ribosomal gene (LSU), partial actin (ACT), and β-tubulin (TUB) sequences, respectively , revealed the isolates to belong to three new species, that are described here as Collophorina euphorbiae, Coniochaeta iranica, and C. euphorbiae. All three species are characterised by morphological, physiological, and molecular data.
Significance and Impact of the Study: This study revealed the diversity of yeasts in some traditional kefir samples from Iran. Kluyveromyces marxianus was the dominant yeast species followed by Saccharomyces cerevisiae, P. fermentans and P. kudriavzevii. Three isolates of S. cerevisiae and one isolate of P. fermentans were exhibited high abilities of adherence to different solvents and auto-aggregation and acceptable adhesion to the epithelial intestine-derived cells but no antimicrobial activity against investigated pathogens. Although further studies on their health benefits and in vivo trials are required, these findings suggest that the yeast isolates can be considered as possible probiotic candidates for the development of novel functional foods.
Fungal exopolysaccharides are powerful resources of medicinal applications. Neopestalotiopsis sp. SKE15 was isolated and identified according to phenotypical and genotypical analyses (GenBank Accession No. MG649986). The exopolysaccharide (EPS) was produced by cultivation of mycelia in broth culture and extracted. The production was optimized to 2.02 g/l after selection of agitation, temperature, FeSO 4 and K 2 HPO 4 concentrations as the most influencing factors using Placket-Burman design and then by applying response surface methodology. Analytical Tools showed that the EPS is composed of a polysaccharide (1.5-2.1 × 10 6 Da) and its probable low molecular weight derivatives, in a wide range of chain lengths, among them an oligosaccharide of about 1970 Da was dominant. GC-MS (Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) analysis revealed the EPS was mainly constructed from D-glucose, sorbitol and D-galactose. The EPS showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853. DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl) and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity assays showed strong antioxidant activity of the EPS. A challenge with three different cancerous cell lines showed cytotoxic activity of the EPS at final concentration of 100 and 200 μg/ml. Further investigation on medicinal applications of the biopolymer is promising.
Starmerella orientalis f.a., sp. nov., an ascomycetous yeast species isolated from flowers Flowers are common habitats for yeasts, and most yeast species isolated from flowers are nectar-inhabiting yeasts (e.g. Brysch-Herzberg, 2004;Morais et al., 2006;Herrera et al., 2008Herrera et al., , 2013Starmer & Lachance, 2011;Pozo et al., 2011;Belisle et al., 2014;Sipiczki, 2015). These yeast communities are generally dominated by ascomycetous species, and insects are thought to be the major vectors for the dispersal of those yeasts (Babjeva & Chernov, 1995; Fonseca & Inácio, 2006;Basukriadi et al., 2010;Pozo et al., 2011). Species from the clades Metschnikowia, Kodamaea, Wickerhamiella and Starmerella are the most frequent yeasts isolated from the insect-visited flowers (Lachance et al., 2001b). The Starmerella clade from the order Saccharomycetales includes more than 30 described species (Lachance et al., 2011a;Duarte et al., 2012;Kurtzman, 2012;Limtong et al., 2012;Li et al., 2013; Daniel et al., 2013; Melo et al., 2014;Sipiczki, 2010Sipiczki, , 2013Sipiczki, , 2015, and many have been isolated from insects (mainly bees and beetles), flowers, and various substrates with high sugar concentrations Lachance et al., 2011a). In this work, we report on the taxonomic examination of four strains isolated from flowers in Iran and China. Strains SAM09 T and SAM10 were isolated from the flowers of Salsola sp. in East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. Strains AS2.3481 and AS2.3486 were isolated from two different flowers (unidentified) in Qilin, Shan'xi Province, and Yanfeng, Hainan Province, China, respectively. Sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region (including 5.8S rRNA gene) and the large subunit (LSU) rRNA gene D1/D2 domains showed that these strains represent a distinct species of the Starmerella clade. The name Starmerella orientalis f.a., sp. nov. is proposed for this novel species. The mention forma asexualis is added as a reminder that a sexual state is not known. Yeast isolation and characterizationTwo yeast strains, SAM09T and SAM10, were isolated from some flowers of a single halophytic semi-shrub (Salsola sp.) collected from a desert in East Azerbaijan Province, Iran in
Discovery of novel structures and novel strains is valuable for further commercial development and application of MELs. Sporisorium sp. aff. sorghi SAM20 can be considered as a potential candidate for commercial production of biosurfactants.
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