Snake venoms are composed of a complex mixture of active proteins that induce toxic effects, such as edema, hemorrhage, and death. Lachesis muta has the highest lethality indices in Brazil. In most cases, antivenom fails to neutralize local effects, leading to disabilities in victims. Thus, alternative treatments are under investigation, and plant extracts are promising candidates. The objective of this work was to investigate the ability of crude extracts, fractions, or isolated products of Erythroxylum ovalifolium and Erythroxylum subsessile to neutralize some toxic effects of L. muta venom. All samples were mixed with L. muta venom, then in vivo (hemorrhage and edema) and in vitro (proteolysis, coagulation, and hemolysis) assays were performed. Overall, crude extracts or fractions of Erythroxylum spp. inhibited (20%-100%) toxic effects of the venom, but products achieved an inhibition of 4%-30%. However, when venom was injected into mice before the plant extracts, hemorrhage and edema were not inhibited by the samples. On the other hand, an inhibition of 5%-40% was obtained when extracts or products were given before venom injection. These results indicate that the extracts or products of Erythroxylum spp. could be a promising source of molecules able to treat local toxic effects of envenomation by L. muta venom, aiding in the development of new strategies for antivenom treatment.
According to the World Health Organization, after 2017, snakebite envenoming was classified as a neglected tropical disease (NTD), affecting at least 5 million people annually worldwide, with 140,000 deaths and 400,000 morbidities (Ren et al., 2019;Williams et al., 2019a;2019b). However, it is known that this number of cases is underestimated. Brazil has been greatly affected by snake envenomation, with approximately 30,000 accidents and 150 deaths annually. The Bothrops genus is responsible for 90 % of the official registered cases, of which, B. jararaca is the most medically important snake species (Chippaux, 2017;Frare et al., 2019). B. jararaca is found in regions from southern Bahia to northern Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil as well as nearby in Argentina or Paraguay. This snake can reach up to 1.5 m in length and displays some biological functions benefitting the environment, such as population control of rodents. 6 B. jararaca venom is composed of a variety of proteins that produce many toxic effects in victims, such as pain, inflammation, edema, hemorrhaging, skeletal muscle damage, intravascular
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