Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is an illness of cloven-footed animals which is highly contagious disease of goat, cattle, buffalo and sheep. FMD cause huge financial losses, particularly in underdeveloped countries. FMD has long-term effects like loss of productivity and restriction to trade. A virus called FMDV that belongs to Picornaviridae family is the causative agent of disease. FMD Virus (Aphthovirus) has seven serotypes named as Asia 1, SAT 1, SAT 2, SAT 3, A, C and O and 80 to 88 subtypes. There is no cross-protection and disease control is difficult due to continuous mutation. The developed countries have eradicated the disease but Pakistan is still suffering great economic losses due to lack of proper management, awareness and poor disease reporting. This review focuses on the emergence, existence and distribution of FMDV in Pakistan in comparison with the global perspective. All these factors are much important to know before we can formulate any control strategy for FMD on the national level. This paper reviews the FMD situation in Pakistan, its influence at present, future aspects of FMD disease and its economic impact.
The increased prevalence of E. coli, especially the multidrug resistant E. coli recovered from drinking water supplies, demands a new substance, allicin that may potentially be effective and decrease the spread of these microorganisms. Allicin is an antibacterial agent derived from garlic to test its efficiency against multi-drug resistant (MDR) E. coli. The presumptive coliforms were isolated followed by confirmation of pathogenic strains from potable water supply samples received during 2018-2019. Isolated E. coli were found resistant against multiple drugs including Amikacin, Ampicillin, Vancomycin, Oxacillin, Fusidic acid, Gentamycin, Oxytetracycline and Moxifloxacin. The methanolic and ethanolic extracts of garlic were prepared and the allicin compounds were analysed quantitatively through HPLC. The standard concentration of E. coli (0.5 McFarland) was maintained to determine the MIC50 through microdilution technique for both allicin extracts separately. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC50) of methanolic and ethanolic derivatives of allicin was found at 28.64μg/ml and 7.57μg/ml of crude allicin extracts respectively. Out of three consecutive concentrations of ethanolic allicin extracts in the experimental wash water containing MDR E. coli was capable to clean the water at 8.00 μg/ml in 10 minutes followed by 10.00 μg/ml and 12.00 μg/ml in 5 minutes of treatment. These results suggested the application of ethanolic derivatives of allicin as potential biocide for cleaning water reservoirs particularly against MDR pathogenic Escherichia coli at dairy farms.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.