Red beet plants are rich in betalains that can be used as food natural colorants. Betalains were extracted from red beet and encapsulated with different carrier agents and freeze or spray dried. Effect of different encapsulating agents as maltodextrin, guar gum, gum Arabic, pectin and xanthan gum with different concentration (as encapsulating agents) were studied on the betalain stability. Encapsulated betalains with xanthan gum with maltodextrin showed about 65 % more recovery than the control. Encapsulation showed a higher recovery of betalains during freeze drying by 1.3 times than during spray drying. Spray dried samples has L* (lightness) higher than the freeze dried samples. The variations of maltodextrin with xanthan and guar gum freeze dried have highest chroma value of 21. The stabilization of pure betalain pigments may boost the use of these colouring molecules in the food industry and promote their application.
Despite
recent evidence from full-scale plants suggesting that Candidatus Accumulibacter may be capable of using amino
acids, this metabolic trait has never been confirmed in a bioreactor
experiment. Here we show that an enriched culture of Ca. Accumulibacter clade IIF strain SCELSE-1 could metabolize 11 of
20 α-amino acids, with aspartate, glutamate, asparagine, and
glutamine resulting in the highest phosphorus removal. The anaerobic
uptake of aspartate and glutamate was achieved through a glutamate/aspartate-proton
symporter fully powered by the proton motive force (PMF). Under anaerobic
conditions aspartate was deaminized and routed into core carbon metabolic
pathways to form polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA). The lack of genes encoding
NADH dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase in the Ca. Accumulibacter genome resulted in a kinetic barrier for glutamate
to be channelled to the TCA cycle. Glutamate was stored as glutamate
polymer. When amino acids (aspartate or glutamate) and acetate were
supplied together, Ca. Accumulibacter took up both
carbon sources simultaneously, with the uptake rate of each carbon
source largely preserved. Overall energy savings (up to 17%) were
achieved under mixed carbon scenarios, due to the ability of Ca. Accumulibacter to rearrange its anaerobic carbon metabolism
based on the reducing power, PMF and ATP balance.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.