Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)–guided prostate biopsy is known to carry a significant false-negative rate, leading some patients to have multiple biopsies. We investigated cancer detection rates in patients with a PSA >20 ng/ml and a negative initial biopsy. We reviewed our database of 2396 TRUS-guided biopsies done between 1997 and 2002 in order to give a follow-up of at least 6 years. PSA, PSA density (PSAD), PSA velocity (PSAV), prostate volume, and DRE findings were analysed in relation to cancer status. Of the patients, 388 (16%) had a PSA >20 ng/ml, including 99 (26%) with benign biopsies. Of those, 67 were rebiopsied, including 19 (28%) with cancer on the first rebiopsy and four (6%) on further biopsies. PSAD, DRE, and volume significantly differed between rebiopsied patients with and without cancer (p <0.05). Patients who present with a PSA >20 ng/ml and have an initial negative biopsy have a high chance of malignancy being detected on a second biopsy. However, if a second biopsy is also negative, then the chances of subsequent biopsies showing signs of cancer are very low if the DRE is normal and particularly if the PSAD is >0.35 ng/ml/cm.
An angiomyolipoma (AML) is usually a benign, rare, and, more commonly, a unilateral renal tumour. Bilateral tumours are very rare, particularly in the absence of tuberous sclerosis complex. Only in a few isolated cases have features of malignancy been associated with an AML. We present a unique case of bilateral AMLs mimicking invasive tumours in the absence of any other features of tuberous sclerosis complex.
<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Non-visible haematuria (NVH) is associated with a small risk of upper-tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC), though there is little consensus on its investigation, particularly with regard to upper-tract imaging. This study aimed to determine whether the presentation of UTUC can guide investigation of NVH in patients under 60 years old. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> All patients investigated at our one-stop haematuria clinics under a cancer pathway were reviewed during a 5-year period, with all patients undergoing cystoscopy and upper-tract imaging. Retrospective analysis of all UTUC cases from our urological cancer multidisciplinary team meeting database over a 10-year period was also undertaken. <b><i>Results:</i></b> 2,129 patients with a median age of 67 years underwent urgent investigation for haematuria between March 2015 and February 2020. 449 cases presented with NVH, of whom 124 (27.6%) were under 60. Out of 21 cases of UTUC, only 2 presented with NVH; both were over the age of 60 years. Factors that independently predicted diagnosis with urinary-tract malignancy were age ≥60 (OR 3.70, <i>p</i> < 0.001), visible haematuria (OR 2.50, <i>p</i> = 0.006), and suspicious cystoscopic findings (OR 58.06, <i>p</i> < 0.001). Review of all 119 UTUC cases over 10 years found 6 cases (5.0%) presenting with NVH, with one (0.8%) also presenting under 60 years. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Diagnosis with UTUC is rare in patients presenting with NVH under the age of 60 years. Routine use of CTU in this low-risk group is best avoided, with ultrasonography constituting a safer first-line upper-tract imaging modality. Guidelines that risk-stratify NVH patients may be effective in reducing unnecessary investigations.
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