Elevated temperatures in waste containment facilities can pose health, environmental, and safety risks because they generate toxic gases, pressures, leachate, and heat. In particular, MSW landfills undergo changes in behavior that typically follow a progression of indicators, e.g., elevated temperatures, changes in gas composition, elevated gas pressures, increased leachate migration, slope movement, and unusual and rapid surface settlement. This paper presents two MSW landfill case studies that show the spatial and time-lapse movements of these indicators and identify four zones that illustrate the transition of normal MSW decomposition to the region of elevated temperatures. The spatial zones are gas front, temperature front, and smoldering front. The gas wellhead temperature and the ratio of CH to CO are used to delineate the boundaries between normal MSW decomposition, gas front, and temperature front. The ratio of CH to CO and carbon monoxide concentrations along with settlement strain rates and subsurface temperatures are used to delineate the smoldering front. In addition, downhole temperatures can be used to estimate the rate of movement of elevated temperatures, which is important for isolating and containing the elevated temperature in a timely manner.

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Typically, the lack of effective stakeholder participation in a project-especially in the initial planning and implementation stages-has a negative impact on the expected performance of the project. These negative consequences require attempts to encourage their effective participation. Nevertheless, there are some challenges ahead, such as conflict of interest among the stakeholders. For more accurate identification of the interests, objectives, and performance of the stakeholders, this paper proposes an accurate and organized model for the analysis of results from the stakeholder impact index. We implemented the proposed model to determine the existing barriers to renewable energy development in Iran, specifically the wind and solar energy sectors. For data collection, we used the opinions of the experts and other people involved in these industries. Data analysis showed that the current implantation conditions of the solar and wind energy sectors were similar from the stakeholders' perspectives as not bad but poor. The required position of each stakeholder to lift the barriers and develop these industries was identified and their current positions from the desirable conditions were assessed. Finally, some recommendations were presented to improve the stakeholders' conditions and eliminate the barriers.