Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the predominant cholinesterase in the brain, hydrolyzes ACh to choline and acetate, thereby terminating the effect of this neurotransmitter at cholinergic synapses. Therefore, AChE is the target of cholinesterase inhibitors used for addressing the cholinergic deficit in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Despite decades of research and advances in our understanding of its aetiology and pathogenesis, current pharmacotherapeutic options for AD are still very limited and represent an area of need that is currently unmet. The leading AD therapeutics involves AChE inhibitors, resulting in increased acetylcholine concentrations in the synaptic cleft and enhanced cholinergic transmission. Compounds showing an AChE inhibitory effect are also used for the treatment of senile dementia, myastenia gravis, Parkinson's disease and ataxia. Taking into account that the inhibition of AChE has been one of the most used strategies for treating AD and that existing drugs are effective only against mild to moderate type of disease while presenting considerable side effects, the search for new sources of effective and selective anti acetylcholinesterase agents with fewer side effects is imperative. Various plants and phytochemical substances have demonstrated AChE inhibitory activity and thus could be beneficial in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders such as AD.
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition and antioxidant activity are considered to be highly correlated with Alzheimer's disease treatment. The present study was designed to investigate the antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of Desmodium gangeticum L. Properly identified powdered plant material was extracted successively using methanol as a solvent. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity was measured with modified Ellman method at 405 nm and antioxidant activity measured based on 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) free radical scavenging test at 517 nm. Percentage inhibition for AChE ranged from 28.78±0.12 to 40.83±0.05 whereas DPPH radical scavenging percentage ranged from 24.68±0.72 to 42.22±0.67.
In the present study, four plant extracts (Allium sativum L., Desmodium gangeticum L., Eclipta alba L., and Piper longum L.) were considered and checked for their acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity which is the main true enzyme which hydrolyses acetylcholine in the body. The dried coarse powder of plants was extracted with methanol by cold extraction method. The resultant was assessed for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity by Ellman’s method with few modifications. The antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and FRAP (Ferrous reducing Antioxidant power) assays. Quantitative phytochemical (phenolic contents) analysis of endogenous substances was performed by standard spectrophotometric methods. Plant extract significantly inhibited AChE activity. Additionally, the plant extracts exhibited strong radical scavenging activity against DPPH and reduced the Ferric ion (FRAP) significantly when compared to that of standards. Plant extracts were found to be rich in phenolic (gallic acid equivalent/g of dry extract) content. Furthermore, a positive correlation was observed between the total phenolics and antioxidants as well as the anticholinesterase potential.
Saliva has been studied extensively as a potential diagnostic tool over the last decade due to its ease and non-invasive accessibility along with its abundance of biomarkers, such as genetic material and proteins.The activity of protein in saliva increased during ovulation. When we monitored salivary protein activity in 40 different women volunteers during various stages of reproduction like (prepubertal, parous, non-parous, menopausal and in the metabolic disorder state diabetic condition it has been observed that highly significant (p<0.001) increase in parous ovulatory & non parous ovulatory whereas, highly significant (p<0.01)increase was observed in non-parous postovulatory and a highly significant (p<0.001) decrease was observed in menopause and diabetic in comparison to prepubertal. A highly significant (p<0.001) decrease was observed in menopause in comparison to parous preovulatory, ovulatory, post ovulatory & non-parous ovulatory and postovulatory. A highly significant (p<0.01) decrease was observed in diabetic in comparison to menopausal human female subjects. The result revealed that the total protein was considered as testing the saliva instead of blood isa non-invasive loom and it can be used as a biomarker for ovulation detection.
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