BACKGROUND: Biofilm is one of the known virulence factors of Candida, an important pathogen and commensal. Microorganisms growing in a biofilm are associated with chronic and recurrent human infections and are highly resistant to antimicrobial agents. Early detection of biofilm production may be useful for clinical decision because of its suggestive property for potential pathogenic capacity of Candida isolates. There are various methods to detect biofilm production like Tissue Culture Plate (TCP), Tube method (TM), Congo Red Agar method (CRA), bioluminescent assay, piezoelectric sensors, and fluorescent microscopic examination. OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to evaluate Congo Red Agar method for the detection of biofilms. METHOD: The study was carried out at the Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Kota (Rajasthan) from April 2012 to June 2013. A total of 120 clinical Candida isolates were subjected to biofilm detection method. Isolates were identified by standard microbiological procedures. Biofilm detection was tested by CRA method. RESULTS: From the total of 120 clinical Candida isolates, CRA method detected 38.33% as biofilm positive and 61.66% cases as biofilm negative. Out of total biofilm positive Candida, 21.73% were strong biofilm producers and 78.27% were weak biofilm producers. CONCLUSION: We can conclude from our study that the CRA method is a quantitative and reliable method for the detection of biofilm forming microorganisms and it can be recommended as a general screening method for detection of biofilm producing Candida in laboratories.
BACKGROUND Many outbreaks are still caused by contaminated surfaces, and the technical drawbacks of liquid disinfectants may be partially to blame for the high facility-acquired infection rates in health care. These outbreaks have been reported when auxiliary hospital staff members have not followed appropriate protocols and have lacked supervision by Infection Control Committee.
This is the first case report on gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum at, MBS (Maharao Bhim Singh) Hospital, Kota. Apart from N. gonorrhoea, a variety of organisms are implicated inophthalmia neonatorum-Chlamydia trachomatis, Staphylococci, Streptococci, Gram negative coliforms, Candida spp. and herpes simplex virus. The incidence of gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum in this antibiotic era is less than 1% (1,2) So it is one of the rare cases for this institution in this antibiotic era.
The interpretation of the Widal test depends upon the baseline titre among healthy individuals in a particular geographical area. This study was undertaken to determine the baseline Widal titre in apparently healthy individuals in, Hadoti region, Rajasthan. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Blood samples were collected from healthy blood donors (n= 200) who attended blood bank of this institution from May 2012 to August 2012. The Widal tube agglutination test was carried out. 0.5 ml of two fold serially diluted patients' sera (dilutions from 1:20 to 1:160) in 0.9% normal saline was tested by adding an equal amount of antigen. RESULTS: Of the 200 serum samples which were tested, 108 serum samples were positive for agglutinins against Salmonella serotypes (≥ 1:20) and 92 serum samples were negative for agglutinins. Among 54 samples with an anti-O titer (≥ 1:20) , 39 samples had titres of 1:40. Among the 63 samples demonstrating anti-H titres of ≥ 1:20 to salmonella serotype, 48 had a titer of 1:40. For salmonella Paratyphi A and B, anti-H titres of 1:20 were found in 3% and 1.5%, respectively, of all samples tested. CONCLUSION: We recommended that the significant titre of the 'H' agglutinin and the 'O' agglutinin of Salmonella Typhi is ≥ 1: 80. While the significant titre of the 'H' agglutinins of Salmonella Paratyphi A and Salmonella Paratyphi B is ≥ 1: 40.
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