In agriculture, the demand is increasing for environment friendly, ecologically compatible techniques which can provide food for our growing population by raising both the quality and quantity of farm produce. Here, using plant beneficial microbes enables plants to tackle disease-causing organisms and insects, and withstand abiotic stress. Objective of this review is to focus on the emergence of the agriculturally important micro-organisms in order to establish an ideal agricultural system which supports efficient use of nutrients and energy recycling, and thereby preserves natural resources in the ecosystem as the environment conditions continue to aggravate due to climate change. This review gives a brief overview of the beneficial aspects of microbes in agriculture and several stress situations related to the climate change.
The effect of different levels of fertigation and drip irrigation was studied along with applications of cow urine and biofertilizers on chemo enzymatic and biological properties of soil during summer season in a naturally ventilated poly house. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with 11 treatments and 3 replication comprising of two drip irrigation levels viz., I 2 (IW/CPE=0.4) and I 4 (IW/ CPE=0.8), five fertigation levels, one farmers' practice and applications of cow urine and biofertilizers. The ammonical (NH 4) and nitrate (NO 3) forms of soil nitrogen content in treatments F 2 I 4 and F 2 I 2 (where F 2 is 100% of recommended NPK doses (1/3 rd N and full P, K applied as basal and 2/3 rd N through fertigation+Azotobacter+PSB) and 5% cow-urine) were significantly superior then farmers' practice (T 11) at both depths (0.0-0.15 m and 0.15-0.30m). Similarly, trends followed by the biomass carbon, urease and phosphatase activity at both depths. The urease activity was higher in treatments with application of cow urine than without cow urine. The overall results indicated that combined application of bio-fertilizers and fertilizers along with cow urine has positive effect on biomass carbon and chemo-enzymatic properties of soil due to enhanced of soil physical and microbiological properties and addition of nutrients in soil with saving of at least 50 % of water and hence can be exploited as a sustainable approach under integrated nutrient management.
Seeds of Macrotyloma uniflorum collected from different Himalayan regions of Himachal Pradesh, India were screened for inhibition potential of calcium oxalate crystals along with their antioxidant and amino acid profiling. Aqueous, ethanol, 50% ethanol extracts were tested using agar-gel overlay, nucleation, and artificial urine methods in comparison to marketed products. The aqueous extract of Sundernagar and Rampur seeds showed highest inhibition potential (9.0 ± 0.81 mm) than alcohol and hydroalcohol. Sundernagar seeds (aqueous extract) also showed maximum inhibition (45 ± 1.2 and 24 ± 0.88%) in nucleation and artificial urine assay, respectively. The Tris-buffer (pH. 8.0) extract of dry seeds showed more inhibition with low protein than high protein germinated seeds. The findings revealed that horse gram protein is not alone responsible for CaOx-crystals inhibition but its secondary metabolites may also contribute. Among all samples, buffer and aqueous extracts showed maximum activity, followed by hydroalcohol and alcohol. Further, TLC and UPLC method were used to monitor the presence of amino acids in aqueous and Cystone extracts. Sundernagar seeds contain 11 amino acids with additional arginine, aspargine, and methionine. Moreover, higher antioxidant potential was observed in seeds of high altitude, which relates the factors of altitudinal variation in secondary metabolism of plants. Therefore, this study will help in the development of economical and more reliable plant based nutraceuticals for kidney stone problems and related health issues. Keywords Macrotyloma uniflorum • Kidney stones • Urolithiasis • Calcium oxalate crystal inhibition Abbreviations TLC Thin layer chromatography UPLC Ultra performance liquid chromatography DSHC Di sodium hydrogen citrate DPPH 1,1-Diphenyl 2-picrylhyorazyl NR Ninhydrin reagent CaOx Calcium oxalate crystal Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (
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