Background: Dental pain and anxiety is challenging problem during procedures. Breathing pattern has strong correlation with pain perception. Nasal breather patients have less pain perception than oral breather. Aim: To assess the role of breathing pattern and its impact on pain perception during painful dental procedures like dental local anaesthesia injections. Methods: 300 patients were randomly selected from dental departments of Islam dental college during 1st Jan 2020 till 31 Dec 2020 period. Verbal pain intensity scale was used among oral and nasal breather cases. Data was collected in proforma. Results were analysed statistically by SPSS version 23. Results: Among 300 cases, 150 cases had mild pain, 89 cases had moderate pain and 61 cases had severe pain. Among 150 mild pain cases, 120 mild pain cases were nasal breather while89 oral breather cases had moderate pain and 61 oral breather cases had severe pain. Nasal breather patient had mild pain perception than oral breather. Conclusions: Nasal breather has mild pain perception during dental anaesthesia than oral breather. Education and training of patient to practice nasal breathing can be recommended for oral breathers to become nasal breather preoperatively, this will help to reduce anxiety and pain perception during dental local anaesthesia injections. Keyword: Oral and nasal breather, pain perception, local anaesthesia

Hepatitis B virus is the most common cause of death in developing country like Pakistan. Most common acute symptoms of this DNA virus are nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, fatigue and jaundice skin and eyes. Mode of transmission is via blood and its products. Most commonly healthcare workers are the volunteer spreading the virus among the community because of lack of knowledge and improper teaching methodology and assessment methods. Identifying and rectifying the community health issues are very important. BDS and MBBS students' knowledge must be assessed and measures are needed to improve. Material and methods: Cross sectional study of two months had been conducted in Islam Medical and Dental College Sialkot to assess the knowledge of hepatitis B virus and their attitude towards hepatitis B patient’s care in clinical medical and dental OPD and wards. Close ended questionnaire to assess knowledge and attitude was given. Results: 83 students participated in this study. Mean age of students is 22 years. 41(49.39%) 3rd year BDS students and 42(50.60%) 3rd year MBBS students were included. 61.5% MBBS students had given correct answered about hepatitis B knowledge while 56% BDS students had given correct answered about attitude towards hepatitis B patient care. Conclusion: 3rd year MBBS students have better knowledge of hepatitis B virus than BDS students while BDS students have slightly better attitude towards hepatitis B patient care.

Objective: The object of this survey study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of dentists towards resin bonded bridges across Pakistan. Methodology: A cross-sectional survey study was conducted. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed among 500 dentists across Pakistan as a google form through electronic media. The questionnaire had three sections. First two sections had details about purpose of study and demographic details respectively. In the third section knowledge, attitude and practice of the participants were assessed. Knowledge and attitude were scored. Level of knowledge and attitude towards use of RBBs was correlated with other variables. Significance of factors related to RBB success was evaluated as percentages. Results: A total of 162 males (78%) and 128 females (63.1%) had adequate knowledge. Overall, 303 (75.2%) participants were inclined to use the RBB while only 100 (24.8%) were not in the favor of using this treatment. 286 participants (71%) were confident to offer this treatment to their patients however, 85% of them actually employed RBBs for ≤ 20% of their tooth replacements. Lack of skills was considered as a major hindrance to employ RBB treatment followed by the lack of technical support. Conclusion: The results of the study showed that participants are poised in knowledge regarding RBBs but they are reluctant to use this confidently because of lack of practical skills. Modest use of RBB in clinical practice is a question mark and a food for thought. Keywords: Resin Bonded Bridges, Conservative Dentistry, Minimally Invasive Dentistry.

The use of modern technology infrastructure is regarded as critical for the successful adoption of innovative teaching approaches. Objective: To determine the attitudes and concerns of medical and dental faculty about the use of E-learning as a medium of instruction during the Covid-19 outbreak. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 368 faculty members from Medical and Dental Colleges of Punjab province was conducted utilizing a questionnaire developed following a thorough literature review and analysis of questionnaires from previous studies. A 5-point Likert scale was used to record knowledge, attitude, and practice, and the questionnaires were graded. SPSS version 22 was used to enter the data. The mean and SD of quantitative variables such as age and total score for knowledge, attitude, and practice score was calculated. Gender, education level, knowledge, attitude, and practice were all represented as frequency (%). Results: Zoom was shown to be the most commonly utilized software (69.0%). E-learning was deemed a beneficial tool in medical education by 56% of the respondents. An equal percentage of individuals (35%) agreed and disapproved the use of E-learning approaches over traditional ones. Only 30% participants resisted the change from traditional educational methods. Technological infrastructure was considered crucial for successful implementation of E-learning by 46% of the participants. Conclusion: Faculty members are using the available infrastructure to implement E-learning teaching modalities to the best of their knowledge and abilities.

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