The research was conducted by sowing seven genotypes of wheat which were allotted in the Farmers Field Trial kit of National Wheat Research Program, Bhairahawa, Rupandehi. This study responds to the urgency to assess wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) performance in late sowing conditions. Sowing was done on the 17 th of December and heat stress was induced due to the delay in sowing. For each genotype, yield attributing characters and physiological growth stages showed up differently, and the yield obtained was not similar. Among the parameters measured, genotypes with shorter vegetative periods and longer reproductive periods thrived well in existing environmental conditions. Days to anthesis and days to maturity were major parameters for selection criterion of yield effective genotype i.e., faster the anthesis, higher the yield; slower the maturity, higher the yield. Growth stages and quantitative yield attributing parameters justified the majority of variation in yield (80.2%) whereas the remaining is expected to be environmental and nutritional factors. Vijay variety (4.06 ton/ha) out-yielded the other six genotypes while NL1193 produced the least (1.97 tons/ha). Considering Vijay best, Vijay (4.06 ton/ha) and Gautam (3.52 ton/ha) are major genotypes recommended for the cultivation in a farmer's field with the least effect of heat stress in the Terai region of Nepal.
Pesticides applied on food crops and vegetables not only reduce the pest population but also leave the residue of chemicals that may result in serious health consequences. The study aims to access the knowledge, skill, and behavior towards chemical pesticides among vegetable producers, vegetable sellers, and vegetable consumers of the Rupandehi district. A survey was carried out from November 2018 to January 2019 to know the knowledge, skill, and behaviors towards chemical pesticides among vegetable growers, sellers, and consumers. The household survey was carried out with a well-designed questionnaire among 180 respondents, 60 each of vegetable producers, vegetable sellers, and vegetable consumers using the purposive sampling technique. The present study revealed that knowledge of chemical pesticides and their residue in vegetables, chemical pesticide handling skill, and behavior towards chemical pesticides among vegetable growers, sellers, and consumers was inadequate. The concerned authorities should stretch the extension services regarding pesticide use and post-use precautions to the nook and corners of Nepal as 60% of farmers seek the help of Agrovet for such information and rest either from neighbors or from manual. Sound policy formulation and implementation are necessary for judicious and rational use of chemical pesticides in vegetable crops and promoting non-chemical pest control measures. Such activities might solve pesticide-residue-related issues on the vegetable crop that makes vegetable growers, sellers, and consumers safe. Coordination among concerned organizations/agencies viz farmers group, consumers’ association and Government Organization, Non-Government Organization and International Non-Government Organization is necessary to address the issues of chemical pesticide in the vegetable supply chain.
Mango Leaf Webber (Orthaga euadrusalis Walker, 1858) is a phytophagous insect feeding on mango leaves by scraping the leaf surface leaving behind midribs and habitat inside the webbed leaf bunch, which is one of the major pests of mango in south Asian nations including Nepal. The infestation of the pest has the potential to cause production loss of 25-100% if not managed. Thus, the management of the pest is crucial to protect mango production and collateral economics. For management, the web nest can be scraped off and burnt along with pupa and larva. Integrated management practices include biological methods using predators like Brachymeria lasus, Hormius, Hormiusa, Pediobius bruchicida, Oecama sp., etc. pathogens like Serratia marcescens and Beauveria bassiana, etc., pruning and removal of old and infested branches and planting resistant variety like Amrapali, the legal method by regulating mobility of plant parts as well as the chemical method by using chemical pesticides like Quinalphos, Cypermethrin, Chlorpyriphos, Acephate and botanical pesticides like Nimbicidine, Nemactine, etc. for management of the pest. The management methods given in this paper would be a valuable resource for mango growers, researchers, and consumers in managing the mango leaf Webber problem.
The increasing use of pesticides has also raised the risk of higher pesticide residues in food. Also, the food commodities imported from India are considered to be very unsafe to consume because of their indiscriminate pesticide applications on crops. Sometime, this situation also occurs in Nepal food commodities. The research was carried to evaluate the residue level of carbamate and organophosphate pesticides in different vegetable commodities of Nepal origin and regularly imported from India. Pesticide residue was evaluated through Rapid Bioassay of Pesticide Residue analysis in 285 samples obtained from Bagmati Province, Lumbini Province and Sudurpaschim Province of Nepal and bordering areas of Koshi, Lumbini and Sudurpaschim Provinces. In laboratory test, most of vegetable crops were found to have pesticide residue in them. In Bagmati province, brinjal (17.29%), capsicum (16.6%), and chilli (18.12%); in Lumbini, brinjal (17%), cauliflower (15.8%), and potato (16.68%); in Sudurpaschim, broadleaf mustard (15.21%) and cauliflower (41.64%) were found relatively higher pesticide residues while potato (18.38%), tomato (29%), bean (32.52%), brinjal (39.25%), bitter gourd (14.37%) imported from India were found relatively higher pesticide residues.
Pollinators are a crucial part of our ecosystem which aids the life of almost all living organisms present in this universe, and their contributions are justifiable according to Paretian efficient conditions. Though the services are an inseparable part of our life, property rights issues have made it difficult to evaluate the real worth of their services by Coase guidelines, the possible externalities they put to this universe, and the actual impact that free raiders have caused. This paper is based on techniques to incorporate those hidden services in economic assessment and policy formulation. For the economic evaluation of their services, we can quantify their values based on people's willingness to pay for the service, which aids in estimating the market value of producer and consumer's surplus, and the cost of the alternate means to achieve the same services, through production factor method, etc. To identify the sustainability of these ecosystem services, the regulation of pesticide use has to be integrated with these services. Farmers should focus not only on monoculture, but also on intensive farming, chemicals, making the least use of GMOs, and following Permaculture techniques in living and cultivation.
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