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This experimental study used recycled copper chips as a base material for electrode manufacturing through the additive manufacturing route utilizing the bound powder extrusion (BPE) process. Initially, the copper chips were collected from a conventional machining centre. Then, the chip size was reduced by the two-step milling process (ball-to-powder ratio, 2:1) to attain the micro-sized fine particles around 44 μm, which is the prerequisite for preparing the base material for the BPE process. Subsequently, the input parameters were optimized to a layer thickness of 0.125 mm, nozzle diameter of 1 mm, and printing speed of 20 mm/s by the Box-Behnken design approach and attained a maximum relative density of 98.57%. Finally, the BPE-recycled copper tool electrode was manufactured in 0° and 90° orientations. Further, the electrical conductivity of the tool, material removal rate, tool wear rate, and surface roughness of the machined surface of manufactured components were evaluated and compared for BPE-90°, BPE-0°, and conventional tools. The result shows that the BPE-90° tool electrode performs better than BPE-0° and conventional tools.

Preanesthetic medication in paediatric patients is well known to be a challenge for anaesthesiologists. Premedication in paediatric population helps to produce a relaxed state with reduced anxiety and increased compliance as well as to ease separation from parent and allowing the patient to tolerate and co-operate with the necessary procedure. Our aim is to do a comparation of dexmedetomidine and midazolam given via intranasal route in children posted for tonsillectomy as premedication.This study was conducted in 100 patients of 6 to 12 years posted for tonsillectomy. Patients were randomly allocated into Group M and D. Patient in group M (50) received 0.2mg/kg of midazolam administered intranasally as nasal drop using 1ml insulin syringe and similarly group D (50) received 1µg/kg of dexmedetomidine administered intranasally as nasal drops using 1ml insulin syringe. Sedation score, Anxiolysis score, mask induction score, post-operative agitation score was assessed.Satisfactory sedation was achieved by 86% and 68% of patient in dexmedetomidine and midazolam respectively p (0.03). Satisfactory mask induction was achieved by 84% and 70% of patient in dexmedetomidine and midazolam respectively p (0.09). In terms of post op agitation score there is no difference in both the group p (0.30). During the time between administration of pre op drugs and initiation of anaesthesia, no patient seems to develop hypotension, hypoxia or any other life-threatening complicationIn our study we concluded that in terms of decreasing anxiety at parental separation both dexmedetomidine and midazolam were found to be equally effective. However, Intranasal dexmedetomidine produced superior sedation scores at separation and induction compared to oral midazolam in paediatric patients.

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