The present study investigates the human leucocyte antigen (HLA) allele and haplotype frequencies in Japanese population. We carried out the frequency analysis in 5824 families living across Japanese archipelago. The studied population has mainly been typed for the purpose of transplant, especially the hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). We determined HLA class I (A, B, and C) and HLA class II (DRB1) using Luminex technology. The haplotypes were directly counted by segregation. A total of 44 HLA‐A, 29 HLA‐C, 75 HLA‐B, and 42 HLA‐DRB1 alleles were identified. In the HLA haplotypes of A‐C‐B‐DRB1 and C‐B, the pattern of linkage disequilibrium peculiar to Japanese population has been confirmed. Moreover, the haplotype frequencies based on family study was compared with the frequencies estimated by maximum likelihood estimation (MLE), and the equivalent results were obtained. The allele and haplotype frequencies obtained in this study could be useful for anthropology, transplantation therapy, and disease association studies.
We have identified novel CE conditions for the separation of 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin-labeled monosaccharides and oligosaccharides from glycoproteins. Using a neutrally coated capillary and alkaline borate buffer containing hydroxypropylcellulose and ACN, saccharide derivatives form anionic borate complexes, which move from the cathode to the anode in an electric field and are detected near the anodic end. Excess labeling reagents and other fluorescent products remain at the cathodic end. Fluorimetric detection using an LED as a light source enables determination of monosaccharide derivatives with good linearity between at least 0.4 and 400 μM, may correspond to 140 amol to 140 fmol. The lower LOD (S/N = 5) is only 80 nM in the sample solution (ca. 28 amol). The results were comparable to reported values using fluorometric detection LC. The method was also applied to the analysis of oligosaccharides that were enzymatically released from glycoproteins. Fine resolution enables profiling of glycans in glycoproteins. The applicability of the method was examined by applying it to other derivatives labeled with nonacidic tags such as ethyl p-aminobenzoate- and 2-aminoacridone-labeled saccharides.
We investigated postural sway in young subjects who were asked to rotate the head in the direction of visual targets. Thirteen subjects wore a helmet and stood on a force plate. They were asked to look at the targets quickly by directing the laser spot attached to the helmet on the target. Every subject showed consistent changes in the ground reaction force (Fx, Fy, Fz) and in the center of pressure (COP) associated with head movements. In 31% of all trials, force changes in Fx, Fy and Fz preceded head movements. During downward head movements, the anterior-posterior component of COP (COPx) exhibited the largest changes and the shortest latency. Ground reaction force in the anterior-posterior direction (Fx) also showed changes before the onset of downward head movements in 85% of the subjects (mean latency=-20 ms). However, the mean latency in other movements lagged behind the head movement onset. Electromyographic activities (EMGs) of the biceps femoris preceded the initiation of downward head movements by 22-54 ms in 2 subjects. These results indicate that goal-directed rotational head movements elicit COP changes. In addition, the COP changes preceding downward head movement suggest preparatory reactions related to anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs).
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