Retinyl esters are a major endogenous storage source of vitamin A in vertebrates and their hydrolysis to retinol is a key step in the regulation of the supply of retinoids to all tissues. Some members of nonspecific carboxylesterase family (EC 3.1.1.1) have been shown to hydrolyze retinyl esters. However, the number of different isoenzymes that are expressed in the liver and their retinyl palmitate hydrolase activity is not known. Six different carboxylesterases were identified and purified from rat liver microsomal extracts. Each isoenzyme was identified by mass spectrometry of its tryptic peptides. In addition to previously characterized rat liver carboxylesterases ES10, ES4, ES3, the protein products for two cloned genes, AB010635 and D50580 (GenBank accession numbers), were also identified. The sixth isoenzyme was a novel carboxylesterase and its complete cDNA was cloned and sequenced (AY034877). Three isoenzymes, ES10, ES4 and ES3, account for more than 95% of rat liver microsomal carboxylesterase activity. They obey MichaelisMenten kinetics for hydrolysis of retinyl palmitate with K m values of about 1 lM and specific activities between 3 and 8 nmolAEmin )1 AEmg )1 protein. D50580 and AY034877 also hydrolyzed retinyl palmitate. Gene-specific oligonucleotide probing of multiple-tissue Northern blot indicates differential expression in various tissues. Multiple genes are highly expressed in liver and small intestine, important tissues for retinoid metabolism. The level of expression of any one of the six different carboxylesterase isoenzymes will regulate the metabolism of retinyl palmitate in specific rat cells and tissues.Keywords: retinyl palmitate hydrolase, carboxylesterase, mass spectrometry, rat, retinol, vitamin A.Vitamin A metabolism [1,2] is a significant area of research because of its diverse role in the regulation of gene expression through retinoic acid receptors. Dietary intake of vitamin A from animal food products is mainly in the form of retinyl esters and retinol, and from plant food products such as provitamin A or b-carotenes. Retinyl esters are converted to retinol in the intestine. After dietary uptake, retinol is converted to retinyl esters in intestinal mucosa and packaged into chylomicrons. These are partially processed during circulation to chylomicron remnants, which contain retinyl esters. Chylomicron remnants are rapidly cleared from circulation by liver hepatocytes where the retinyl esters are hydrolyzed by retinyl ester hydrolases to retinol. The retinol product can either undergo oxidation to retinoic acid for signaling or be secreted into circulation as a complex with retinol binding protein. After meeting the tissue needs, excess retinol is stored in hepatic stellate cells by conversion to retinyl esters (mostly as retinyl palmitate). The stored retinyl esters are the primary vitamin A reservoir in the body and can be mobilized by hydrolysis to retinol by retinyl ester hydrolases. Hence, retinyl ester hydrolases play very important roles in a variety of cells and tissues to...
To explore the hypothesis that endogenous 1-methyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (salsolinol) might be involved in the etiology of alcoholism, its concentration was determined in the striatum and adrenal gland of rats bred selectively for disparate alcohol drinking. The alcohol-naive alcohol-preferring (P) and the high-alcohol-drinking (HAD) lines of rats demonstrated significantly lower striatal and adrenal salsolinol content when compared with the alcohol-non-preferring (NP) and the low-alcohol-drinking (LAD) lines. In the P-line of rats, 4 weeks of free-choice alcohol drinking had no significant effect on striatal salsolinol levels, although adrenal levels of salsolinol were significantly higher. The salsolinol assayed in the striatum of all lines of rats occurred as a racemic mixture of enantiomers that was unchanged following 4 weeks of alcohol exposure. Unlike striatal tissue, the adrenals of alcohol naive P-rats contained significantly more S- than R-salsolinol (ratio S/R = 83/17) and alcohol consumption resulted in the formation of a nearly racemic mixture of enantiomers. These results suggest a role for genetic factors in the formation of endogenous salsolinol and its potential regulation by short-term alcohol intake.
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