The diversity of nonculicid biting flies was surveyed in Sunset Zoo, Manhattan, KS, by carbon dioxide-baited traps. A total of 8,399 nonculicid biting-fly females representing 32 species and 5 families were collected. Twenty-one biting midge (Ceratopogonidae: Culicoides) and 7 black fly (Simuliidae) species were collected, including new state records of 3 Culicoides and 1 simuliid. The species richness of Culicoides and Simuliidae within the zoo represents 72.4% and 41.2%, respectively, of the fauna known to occur in Kansas. Trap type significantly influenced (P , 0.05) collections of the 5 species analyzed, and trapping period affected 3 species. The diversity and abundance of nonculicid biting flies in the zoo as related to animal health and wellness is discussed.
Objective To assess laryngeal function in normal dogs administered isoflurane following partial clearance of alfaxalone or propofol.
Study design Randomized experimental crossover study.Animals A group of 12 purpose-bred, male Beagle dogs.Methods Dogs were randomly assigned to one of two treatments: alfaxaloneeisoflurane (ALF-ISO) or propofoleisoflurane (PRO-ISO) and anesthetized for three video laryngoscopy examinations. The alternate treatment occurred after ! 14 days interval. Examinations were performed after induction of anesthesia (LS-A), after 20 minutes of breathing isoflurane via a facemask (LS-B) and after a further 20 minutes of isoflurane (LS-C). Parameters of objective laryngeal function included inspiratory rima glottidis surface area (RGSA-I), expiratory rima glottidis surface area (RGSA-E) and % RGSA increase, calculated from three consecutive respiratory cycles in the final 15 seconds of each video laryngoscopy examination. The % RGSA increase was calculated using [(RGSA-I e RGSA-E)/ RGSA-E] Â 100. Subjective laryngeal function was evaluated independently by two experienced surgeons blinded to treatment.
ResultsThe % RGSA increase within each treatment was greater for LS-B and LS-C than for LS-A (ALF-ISO: p ¼ 0.03, PRO-ISO: p ¼ < 0.001). There was no difference within each treatment from LS-B compared with LS-C. RGSA-I increased within each treatment from LS-A to both LS-B and LS-C (ALF-ISO: p ¼ 0.002) and to LS-C (PRO-ISO: p ¼ 0.006). Subjective laryngeal function scores improved from LS-A to LS-C.Conclusions and clinical relevance Laryngeal function improved from postinduction examination following either 20 or 40 minutes of anesthesia with isoflurane via facemask. This study demonstrates that isoflurane may have a lesser effect on arytenoid abduction activity compared with more commonly used intravenous induction anesthetics (alfaxalone and propofol).
Honey bees (Apis mellifera) are effective foragers for floral and extra-floral sources of sugars and as a result may easily be exposed to toxicants in the environment, such as pesticides. Toxic sugar baits (TSB) or insecticide-laced baits are designed for insect vector management but may be a danger to foraging honey bees and their hives. During a mosquito movement study at a zoological institution, nonflowering foliage surrounding the zoo was marked with sugar solution dyed with over the counter food-coloring. Mosquitoes and other insects foraged on the marked sugar and were collected within the zoo. Additionally, four of six honey bee hives within the zoo had workers that also foraged the dyed sugar and consequently colored approximately 57 kg of honey within the hives. This observation identifies a possibility route of toxicant accumulation within the hives from TSB and possible exposure may have whole hive health implications not previously described on an individual bee level.
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