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The authors conducted a prospective study of the predictive validity of the Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY) using a 5-year follow-up period and a sample of 480 male adolescents assessed by juvenile detention personnel. Analyses were conducted to examine differential validity by race-ethnicity, the relative contribution of structured professional judgments of risk level, and the incremental validity of dynamic to static risk factors. Overall, the SAVRY total scores were significantly predictive of any type of reoffending with some variability across racial-ethnic groups. Youths rated as moderate to high risk by evaluators using structured professional judgment had greater odds of rearrest, but these risk ratings did not have incremental validity over numeric scores. Static factors were most strongly predictive of nonviolent rearrest, but dynamic factors (social-contextual) were the most predictive of violent rearrest. Implications for use of risk-needs assessment tools in juvenile justice programs and areas in need of further investigation are discussed.

Contrary to our hypothesis, we found medication use had only a subtle effect on cognitive performance and no significant effect on concussion-like symptom reporting. Student athletes reporting medication use for ADHD performed comparably to student athletes with no ADHD on baseline testing.

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It is well established that processing speed is negatively impacted in children and adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Unfortunately, exactly how processing speed vulnerabilities manifest in daily functioning has not been well established. To support clinical care of youth with ADHD, it is important to better understand the functional consequences and relevant outcomes associated with processing speed deficits. This systematic review and meta-analysis sought to identify the association between processing speed and clinical or functional correlates among children or adolescents diagnosed with ADHD. A total of 409 abstracts were screened, of which, 60 full-text articles were identified as potentially relevant, and 8 of these studies met inclusion criteria. Domains evaluated across these studies included reading skills, mathematics skills, written expression, anxiety, self-appraisals of competence, and adaptive functioning. Six studies reported an association between processing speed and reading skills, allowing for meta-analysis. Processing speed difficulties among youth with ADHD appear strongly associated with several clinical and functional correlates including weaker academic skills, poorer adaptive skills, increased self-reported anxiety, and overestimates of social competence. Meta-analytic results for studies reporting the association between processing speed and reading skills indicate a medium overall weighted mean effect size (r = 0.33, 95% CI = 0.28 -0.39) with minimal heterogeneity (I = 0.17). Clinical implications of these findings, limitations in the current knowledge base, and suggestions for future research are discussed.

Background: Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) has proven effective in reducing symptoms and behaviors related to Borderline Personality Disorder. More recently, it has been modified and applied to adolescents struggling with regulating their emotions and who may engage in impulsive, self-destructive behaviors, including nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI). However, there is limited research evidence regarding the effectiveness of DBT for reducing NSSI behavior and depression among adolescents. Given the high suicide risk associated with NSSI and its association with depression, this is clearly an important focus of clinical and research attention. Method: This meta-analysis sought to offer preliminary evidence regarding the effectiveness of DBT to treat NSSI and depression in adolescents. Twelve published studies were included; all 12 reported pre-and post-treatment measures of depression and six of these studies reported pre-and post-treatment measures of NSSI. Results: The weighted mean effect size for NSSI was large (g = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.59-1.03); the weighted mean effect size for depression was small (g = 0.36, 95% CI = 0.30-0.42). Conclusions: Intervention effects for both outcomes were positive, suggesting decreased NSSI and improvement in depressive symptoms for adolescents following a course of DBT. However, given considerable limitations in the research base available for meta-analysis, these findings are preliminary and tentative. Limitations in the current knowledge base and suggestions for future research are discussed. Key Practitioner Message• Research in adult populations suggests that DBT is effective in reducing emotional and behavioral difficulties, consistent with borderline personality disorder. However, limited research evidence exists regarding the utility of DBT interventions in helping adolescents who have trouble modulating their emotions and controlling their behaviors.• Meta-analytic results from 12 studies examining DBT interventions among adolescents suggest decreased NSSI and improvement in depressive symptoms.• Practitioners can consider DBT interventions as a possible therapeutic option in the treatment of adolescents who engage in self-harm and suffer with depression; however, practitioners must also continue to monitor the research evidence base as investigators seek to address and improve upon methodological shortcomings in the extant literature.

Having a preexisting migraine disorder might be a risk factor for a prolonged recovery following a sport-related concussion. We examined whether having a migraine history was associated with a prolonged return to academics and athletics following a concussion. High school and collegiate athletes (n = 1265; 42% female) who sustained a sport-related concussion were monitored by athletic trainers using a web-based surveillance system that collects information about concussion recovery. Nonparametric Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests (KS) were used to compare days to return to academics/athletics across groups due to non-normally distributed outcome variables and unequal distributions of scores between groups. Chi-squared tests were used to examine the proportion of players who had not returned to academics/athletics at 7, 14, and 21 days post-injury stratified by self-reported migraine history. There were 117 athletes (9.2%) who reported a preinjury migraine history. Athletes with a history of migraine took a median of 6 days to return to academics (mean [M] = 10.6, standard deviation [SD] = 14.2) and 15.5 days to return to athletics (M = 23.8, SD = 30.8), while those with no migraine history took a median of 5 days to return to academics (M = 7.5, SD = 10.9) and 14 days to return to athletics (M = 19.4, SD = 19.4). There were no statistically significant differences in days to return to school or athletics between the groups (KS p > 0.05). However, a lower percentage of athletes with a history of migraine had returned to school after 7 days (57% vs. 68%, χ = 5.53, p = 0.02), 14 days (75% vs. 88%, χ = 14.21, p < 0.001), and 21 days post-injury (89% vs. 94%, χ = 4.90, p = 0.03). Stratifying the analyses by sex showed that this effect was significant in girls and women with preexisting migraines, but not boys and men with preexisting migraines. There were no group differences in recovery rates when examining return to athletics. Athletes with a preinjury migraine history may be at an elevated risk for a protracted return to school after concussion, especially girls and women.

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