News of the symptoms caused by a coronavirus in humans began to be documented in December 2019, when several cases of pneumonia caused by the virus occurred in China. Studies are showing the increasing role of saliva and oral cavity in the transmission of the virus, because the receptors of epithelial cells in this region play a critical role by allowing the virus to enter those cells. The standard method to diagnose the coronavirus is based on the collection of samples in the nasopharynx and oropharynx to detect viral RNA. However, this method results in the interaction between health care professionals and patients, which increases risk of transmission; moreover, this collection can be painful for the patient and cause bleeding. As an alternative, diagnosis can be made using saliva, which only requires patients to deposit the saliva sample in a sterile container. Thus, the objective of this literature review is to present the main forms of contagion and to describe the diagnosis tools, emphasizing the risk that dental professionals are exposed to and, therefore, the growing need for better and faster diagnostic methods for coronavirus, especially using saliva. Medline, PubMed, SciELO, and Bireme databases were used for the literature search with the descriptors: Salivary diagnosis, COVID-19, and Contagion. The review explored the scientific race to develop more effective forms of diagnosis, including saliva tests, and prevention methods taking into account time, accessibility, and cost-benefit and, as a consequence, the role of dentistry has been continuously increasing.
OBJECTIVE: Th is study aims to determine the profi le of infl ammatory proteins in unstimulated whole saliva of periodontal patients with or without type 2 diabetes two months aft er non-surgical periodontal therapy. METHODS: Fift y-six patients were enrolled: PD group with 21 patients, PD + DM group with 20 patients and control group with 15 patients. Clinical examination and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) measurement were performed before and two months aft er periodontal therapy. Saliva samples were collected to assess 39 salivary proteins using Multiplex Cytokine Profi ling Assay. RESULTS: Th ere were signifi cant reduction two months aft er periodontal therapy for salivary levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-17, IL-10, eotaxin, and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-3 in PD group, and for salivary levels of IL-1ra, IL-10 and transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-α) in PD+DM group. Clinical parameters improved signifi – cantly aft er periodontal therapy in both diseased groups, and HbA1c levels in PD+DM group (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Non-surgical periodontal therapy was eff ective in producing shortterm clinical benefi ts to the patients with a signifi cant reduction of important infl ammatory markers related to the pathogenesis of the disease. Among the studied cytokines only IL-10 shared similar outcome in the diseased groups, suggesting its potential applicability as a salivary biomarker for monitoring periodontitis associated or not to diabetes and infl ammation during the early response to therapy.
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