AWA (16, 30, 36, 60 and 155 kDa (Dissous et al. 1986, Iwanaga 1994, Weston et al. 1994, Gamal-Eddin et al. 1996, 1997. We demonstrated that sera from schistosome-infected persons reacted against soluble crude Biomphalaria glabrata antigen (SBgA) by ELISA (100% of sensitivity) (Alarcón de Noya et al. 1989) and that sera from mice immunized with SBgA recognized several homologous snail molecules by Western-blot .Cross-reactive antigens may probably result from the adaptation of parasites to their invertebrate and vertebrate hosts and in consequence, could prevent immune recognition in the latter. Our basic hypothesis is that the parasite acquires snail molecules on its surface that would cover critical antigens, allowing its survival during skin penetration and the evasion from the protective immune mechanisms of definitive host during the first events of invasion. In the present work, non-singenic mice were immunized with a crude antigen of non-infected B. glabrata in order to demonstrate, first, the cross-reactivity and crossinhibition between S. mansoni and B. glabrata common proteins. Second, to characterize SBgA, particularly its glycoprotein components and third, to determine the protective effect of the crude preparation of B. glabrata in mice against S. mansoni infection.
The recognized human-to-human transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is through respiratory droplets and contact with contaminated surfaces. However, the high transmissibility of the virus and the pattern of symptoms of COVID-19 suggest the likelihood of other forms of spread. Increasing evidence suggests that SARS‐CoV‐2 could be transmitted by the feco‐oral route. SARS-CoV-2 is known to infect gastrointestinal epithelial cells and a significant number of infected people have gastrointestinal symptoms. Viable viruses, viral RNA, and prolonged shedding of viral RNA have been detected in the feces of COVID-19 patients. The virus has been found in sewage and surface waters of several countries. The possible feco-oral transmission of SARS-CoV-2 could be significant in low-income countries. High poverty levels and the collapse of health and other public services might increase the risk of Venezuelans to suffer a more devastating impact from COVID-19 than other populations. In conclusion, the feco-oral transmission of SARS-CoV-2 has not been demonstrated. However, it is conceivable and the impact of COVID-19 could be high in low-income countries, especially in Venezuela due to its humanitarian crisis. The lack of information on the viability and infectivity of the virus in wastewaters and surface waters and the risk of transmission of the infection are important gaps in knowledge that deserve further investigation.
IntroducciónE n este breve artículo queremos plasmar, con un tono más personal que académico, algunas ideas de nuestro recordado y muy apreciado maestro Aquiles Montoya, que influyeron en nuestro pensamiento económico, a través de sus magistrales cátedras, excelentes libros y artículos.Sus clases sembraron las semillas de un pensamiento crítico y la esperanza que se puede modificar la situación de este país, plagado de injusticias y desigualdades, a través de la creación de relaciones de poder populares, como un medio para cambiar el capitalismo. De esta forma, para crear otro sistema no basta con un nuevo gobierno, aunque sea de izquierda; ya que los sistemas jurídico y político están diseñados, de tal manera, que se busca la reproducción del modo de producción imperante.En la primera parte, presentamos algunas ideas relacionadas con su labor docente; en la segunda y tercera, dos elementos de su pensamiento teórico: la crítica al capitalismo y la economía solidaria, respectivamente.
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