The purpose of the present study was to compare the longitudinal effects of six weeks of rest-pause versus traditional multiple-set RT on muscle strength, hypertrophy, localized muscular endurance, and body composition in trained subjects. Eighteen trained subjects (mean ± SD; age = 30.2 ± 6.6 years; weight = 74.8 ± 17.2 kg; height = 171.4 ± 10.3 cm) were randomly assigned to either a traditional multiple-set group (n = 9; 7 males and 2 females; 3 sets of 6 repetitions with 80% of 1-RM and 2 min rest intervals between sets) or a rest-pause group (n = 9; 7 males and 2 females). The results showed no significant differences (p > 0.05) between groups in 1RM strength (rest-pause: 16 ± 11% for BP, 25 ± 17% for LP, and 16 ± 10% for BC versus traditional multiple-set: 10 ± 21% for BP, 30 ± 20% for LP and 21 ± 20% for BC). In localized muscular endurance, the rest-pause group displayed significantly greater (p < 0.05) repetitions, only for the LP exercise (rest pause: 27 ± 8% versus traditional multiple set: 8 ± 2%). In muscle hypertrophy, the rest-pause group displayed significantly greater (p < 0.05) thickness, only for the thigh (rest-pause: 11 ± 14% versus traditional multiple-set: 1 ± 7%). In conclusion, resistance training performed with the rest-pause method resulted in similar gains in muscle strength as traditional multiple-set training. However, the rest-pause method resulted in greater gains in localized muscular endurance and hypertrophy for the thigh musculature.
The association of ageing with obesity commits elderly women and has been correlated with multiple degenerative processes, which could be occasioned by an enhancing in levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and metalloproteinase-9 (MMPs) as well by an cytokine unbalance that included an enhancing on interleukin-6 (IL-6). Furthermore, other factors could be also related to degenerative process, as they could be reduced by eccentric resistance exercise (ERE), which seems particularly important to initiate resistance training in obese older adults. In this view, this study aims to determinate the effects of an acute ERE session on serum MMP-2, MMP-9 and IL-6 in elderly obese women. Ten elderly obese women participated in this study and completed a 10 repetitions maximum test (10 RM) utilizing leg extension exercise. Subjects then completed an acute ERE session consisting of seven sets of 10 repetitions at 110% of 10 RM with a rest of 3 min between sets. Blood samples were collected before, immediately after, 3, 24 and 48 h following the ERE session. Zymograms were utilized to measure the MMP-2 and MMP-9 enzymes from all individuals. Moreover, IL-6 concentration was also determinated. After ERE session, MMP-2 and MMP-9 decreased, remaining significantly below baseline values after 48 h (P<0·05). Although not statistically significant, there was a tendency for IL-6 to decrease 48 h after the ERE when compared with 3 h (P = 0·06). An acute ERE session decreases MMP-9, MMP-2 and IL-6 in elderly obese women, possibly indicating a transient protection against the low grade inflammation present in this specific population.
This study provides insights that a high pro-inflammatory status in sedentary obese elderly women might impair muscle strength and negatively affect fat-free mass. Thus, elderly women classified with high pro-inflammatory status for IL-6 should receive further health care attention to prevent this deleterious condition.
Artigo de revisãoReview ARticle ARtículo de Revisión RESUMOEntre atletas e treinadores, existe uma percepção comum de que altas cargas de treinamento e competições, aplicadas de forma crônica, com controle nutricional e/ou períodos de recuperação inadequados, podem reduzir a resistência imunológica, aumentando a predisposição aos episódios de infecções, principalmente infecções do trato respiratório superior (ITRS). Nesse sentido, o presente estudo está centrado em revisar as interações entre os parâmetros imunológicos com a síndrome do sobretreinamento, especificamente em esportes coletivos, considerando a sua natureza intermitente. Assim, foi realizada uma revisão de periódicos nacionais e internacionais relacionados com o tema. As correlações entre exercício, sistema imunológico e suscetibilidade às ITRS têm sido avaliadas principalmente em esportes individuais e de resistência em comparação aos coletivos. As modulações dos leucócitos ao longo da temporada, frente ao efeito somatório das cargas de treinamento e competições, quando analisadas especificamente quanto aos neutrófilos e monócitos, possivelmente se relacionam com os processos de reparo tecidual e incidência de ITRS. As modulações relacionadas com os linfócitos parecem estar relacionadas mais diretamente com a incidência das ITRS. Ademais, o entendimento de todos os marcadores propostos, incluindo os imunológicos em associação com os indicadores de desempenho e controle do treinamento, parece ser um caminho mais promissor para o diagnóstico clínico do estado imunológico do atleta e da prevenção da síndrome do sobretreinamento do que necessariamente a busca por um marcador exclusivo de excesso de treinamento.Descritores: alergia e imunologia; infecções respiratórias; exercício; medicina esportiva. ABSTRACT Among athletes and coaches, there is a common perception that high training loads and competitions, applied chronically, with inadequate nutritional control and/or recovery periods, may reduce the immune resistance, increasing susceptibility to infection episodes, mainly upper respiratory tract infection (URTI
Background and Aim: Rapid weight loss (RWL) is extensively practiced by combat sports athletes, including Mixed Martial Arts (MMA), but its effects on performance are not well established with different magnitudes of RWL, including those higher than 5% of total body weight. The aim of the present study was to follow MMA athletes during RWL with subsequent weight regain to evaluate the responses of isometric strength, power, cognition and salivary nitrite (NO2 -) content. Methods:Two professional male MMA fighters, same age, competing in the same weight category underwent two magnitudes of RWL before a simulated competition period. Anthropometric measures, records of nutritional status, training, voluntary dehydration strategies, salivary samples, cognition response, isometric strength and muscular power were obtained: (I) 7 days before combat, (II) at the weigh-in moment, and (III) in the combat day. Results and Conclusions: Athlete 1 lost 7.2 kg (9.1% of total bodyweight) and Athlete 2 lost 4.0 kg (5.3% of total bodyweight). Athlete 1 had a lower and misbalanced caloric ingestion (708 ± 428 kcal), ingested 6 L of water during the first 5 days of RWL, underwent 2 days of fasting, water and sodium restriction before weigh-in. Athlete 2 was supervised by a nutritionist, had a balanced diet (1600 ± 0 kcal), ingested 2 L of water during the first 6 days of RWL, underwent only 1 day of fasting and water restriction, and did not restrict sodium. As expected, there was a negative effect of RWL in the evaluated parameters at the weigh-in moment, while in the combat day, salivary NO2 -was not completely reestablished at baseline levels (decreased by 35.9% in Athlete 1 and, 25.2% in Athlete 2, as compared with 7 days before). The athlete who underwent a lower weight loss (5.3%) presented better recovery of cognition and upper limbs power on the combat day as compared with the athlete who lost 9.1% of body weight. Although we cannot precisely conclude, this case report led us to believe that the recovery period between weigh-in and competition may be insufficient for total reestablishment of salivary NO2 -after RWL, and higher amounts of RWL have negative impacts on average power and cognition when compared with lower RWL. Relevance for patients: Scientific aspects related with performance in MMA athletes brought to light the absence of studies investigating the recovery of isometric strength, power, cognition and salivary NO2 -during RWL with subsequent weight regain. This study revealed that athletes from the same categories can adopt different magnitudes of weight loss, and that this procedure impacts several important measures, for example, the reduction of salivary NO2 -is associated with the lower O2 transport capacity, decreasing muscle performance.
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