An alite-calcium sulfoaluminate (ACSA) clinker containing approximately 50% alite and 10% ye'elimite was synthesised at 1300°C using a laboratory furnace and 1% calcium fluoride (CaF2) as a mineraliser, ground and blended with 5% anhydrite. The hydration mechanism of the resulting ACSA cement was investigated experimentally using quantitative X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetry, as well as by thermodynamic modelling. During the first hours, mainly alite reacts. Ye'elimite starts to dissolve significantly after 2 d, as it is predominately present as inclusions within the alite matrix and thus reacts only after sufficient alite has dissolved to expose the ye'elimite domains within the clinker particles. The main hydration products are calcium–silicate–hydrates (C–S–H), ettringite, monosulfate and portlandite. Mortars prepared using the ACSA cement rapidly develop compressive and flexural strength at early ages corresponding to the fast hydration reactions. It was estimated that the manufacture of this ACSA clinker releases about 11–12% less carbon dioxide than the production of Portland cement clinker.
Silver film was fabricated on a glass substrate by electroless plating technique. Plating solution, which also known as Tollen’s reagent, consisted of three main solutions: silver nitrate solution as a silver source, ammonia and sodium hydroxide as pH controllers and D-glucose as a reducing agent. Glass surface was treated by three different methods: HF etching, SnCl2activation and SiC paper grinding. After that, a glass slide was immersed in plating solution for 90 minutes at a room temperature. The purpose of this work was to study the effects of different surface treatments on adhesion between substrate and film. X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern confirmed that the obtained film was a silver phase. Surface morphology of glass slides, before and after plating was investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Moreover, the adhesion of silver film to glass substrate was performed by crosscut test and it was indicated that combined treatment by SiC paper grinding and HF etching was the best surface treatment which provided a good adhesion of film to substrate.
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