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Ovalbumin produced using the fungus Trichoderma reesei (Tr-OVA) could become a sustainable replacement for chicken egg white protein powder -a widely-used ingredient in the food industry.Although the approach can generate ovalbumin at pilot-scale, the environmental impacts of industrial scale production have not been explored. Here, we conduct an anticipatory life cycle assessment using data from a pilot study to compare the impacts of Tr-OVA production with an equivalent functional unit of dried chicken egg white produced in Finland, Germany, and Poland. Tr-OVA production reduced most agricultureassociated impacts such as global warming and land use. Increased impacts were mostly related to industrial inputs such as electricity production, but were also associated with glucose consumption.Switching to low carbon energy sources could further reduce environmental impact -demonstrating the potential benefits of cellular agriculture over livestock agriculture for ovalbumin production.

Global food systems face the challenge of providing healthy and adequate nutrition through sustainable means, which is exacerbated by climate change and increasing protein demand by the world's growing population. Recent advances in novel food production technologies demonstrate potential solutions for improving the sustainability of food systems. Yet, diet level comparisons are heretofore lacking and are needed to fully understand the environmental impacts of incorporating novel foods in diets. Here we estimate the potential of reducing global warming potential, water use, and land use by replacing animal source foods with novel or plant-based foods in European diets. Using a linear programming model, we optimized omnivore, vegan, and novel food diets for minimum environmental impacts with nutrition and feasible consumption constraints. Replacing animal source foods in current diets with novel foods reduced all environmental impacts by over 80% and still met nutrition and feasible consumption constraints. Mazac et al. 2022 Nature Food | 2Burgeoning food demand from growing and urbanizing populations, paralleled with increases in consumption of animal source foods (ASF), drive an ever-larger pressure from food systems on the environment 1,2 . While causing one third of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions (GHGEs) globally 3 , agriculture is also the leading contributor of the earth system surpassing planetary boundaries in biodiversity loss and nutrient flows 2 . Concurrently, the double burden of malnutrition, associated with poor/insufficient diets, further indicates food systems are failing to meet health needs 4 . Such recent research has catalyzed broad conclusions which urgently compel changes toward sustainable diets [5][6][7] .Many products, here termed 'novel/future foods' (NFFs), have the potential to reduce environmental impacts of diets while meeting essential nutritional needs in broader populations 8 . Novel foods are those produced from new production technologies or are under novel regulatory frameworks such as cell-culturing technologies-cultured meat, eggs, milk, plants, algae, bacteria, and fungi 9 . Future foods are those for which our production capacity has potential to scale up and/or increase in consumption due to emerging climate change mitigation concerns such as insects and spirulina; some foods may overlap in both novel/future categories such as mussels (Mytilus spp.) or chlorella (Chlorella vulgaris) produced with novel technologies 8 . Such NFFs may provide nutritious alternatives to ASF while meeting multiple sustainability goals 8,9 . Compared to currently available plant-based protein-rich (PBPR) options like legumes, pulses, and grains, NFFs can have a more complete array of essential nutrients such as protein, calcium, vitamin B-12, and omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and are more land-and water-efficient than current ASF 8 . Additionally, alternative fortified food products can be developed but the taste/texture of meat is a key driver in the development of

Purpose Mangrove forests have been recognized as important regulators of greenhouse gases (GHGs), yet the resulting land use and land-use change (LULUC) emissions have rarely been accounted for in life cycle assessment (LCA) studies. The present study therefore presents up-to-date estimates for GHG emissions from mangrove LULUC and applies them to a case study of shrimp farming in Vietnam. Methods To estimate the global warming impacts of mangrove LULUC, a combination of the International Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines, the Net Committed Emissions, and the Missed Potential Carbon Sink method were used. A literature review was then conducted to characterize the most critical parameters for calculating carbon losses, missed sequestration, methane fluxes, and dinitrogen monoxide emissions. Results and discussion Our estimated LUC emissions from mangrove deforestation resulted in 124 t CO 2 ha −1 year −1 , assuming IPCC's recommendations of 1 m of soil loss, and 96% carbon oxidation. In addition to this, 1.25 t of carbon would no longer be sequestered annually. Discounted over 20 years, this resulted in total LULUC emissions of 129 t CO 2 ha −1 year −1 (CV = 0.441, lognormal distribution (ln)). Shrimp farms in the Mekong Delta, however, can today operate for 50 years or more, but are 1.5 m deep (50% oxidation). In addition to this, Asian tiger shrimp farming in mixed mangrove concurrent farms (the only type of shrimp farm that resulted in mangrove deforestation since 2000 in our case study) resulted in 533 kg methane and 1.67 kg dinitrogen monoxide per hectare annually. Consequently, the LULUC GHG emissions resulted in 184 and 282 t CO 2 -eq t −1 live shrimp at farm gate, using mass and economic allocation, respectively. These GHG emissions are about an order of magnitude higher than from semi-intensive or intensive shrimp farming systems. Limitations in data quality and quantity also led us to quantify the uncertainties around our emission estimates, resulting in a CV of between 0.4 and 0.5. Conclusions Our results reinforce the urgency of conserving mangrove forests and the need to quantify uncertainties around LULUC emissions. It also questions mixed mangrove concurrent shrimp farming, where partial removal of mangrove forests is endorsed based upon the benefits of partial mangrove conservation and maintenance of certain ecosystem services. While we recognize that these activities limit the chances of complete removal, our estimates show that large GHG emissions from mangrove LULUC question the sustainability of this type of shrimp farming, especially since mixed mangrove farming only provide 5% of all farmed shrimp produced in Vietnam.

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