Aim Conservation management of vulnerable species requires detailed knowledge of their spatial and temporal distribution patterns. Within this context, species distribution modelling (SDM) can provide insights into the spatial ecology of rarely encountered species and is used here to explore the distribution pattern of ocean sunfishes (Mola mola and M. ramsayi). Both species are prone to high levels of bycatch and are classified respectively as Globally Vulnerable and Not Assessed by the IUCN; although their overall range and drivers of distribution remain poorly defined. Here, we constructed suitable habitat models for Mola spp. on a global scale and considered how these change seasonally to provide a much needed baseline for future management. Location Global. Methods Sighting records collected between 2000 and 2015 were used to build SDMs and provided the first global overview of sunfish seasonal distribution. Post hoc analyses provided a quantitative assessment of seasonal changes in total range extent and latitudinal shifts in suitable habitat. Results Mola is a widely distributed genus; however, sightings exhibited significant spatial clustering most notably in coastal regions. SDMs suggested that Mola presence was strongly dependent on sea surface temperatures with highest probability of presence between 16 and 23°C. The models identified significant variation in seasonal range extent with latitudinal shifts throughout the year; although large areas of suitable year‐round habitat exist globally. Main conclusions We provided the first assessment of Mola distribution on a global scale, with evidence of a wide latitudinal range and significant clustering in localized “hotspots” (notably between 40–50°N). By assessing the results of SDMs alongside evidence from published satellite tagging studies, we suggest that the species within the genus Mola are highly mobile, acting as facultative seasonal migrants. By identifying key suitable habitat alongside potential movement paths, this study provides a baseline that can be used in active conservation management of the genus.

Evidence is presented from publicly available remotely operated vehicle (ROV) footage that suggests deep‐water ranging in ocean sunfishes (family Molidae) is more common than typically thought, including a new maximum depth recorded for the southern sunfish Mola ramsayi.

Essential fish habitats (EFHs) are critical for fish life‐history events, including spawning, breeding, feeding or growth. This study provides evidence of EFHs for the critically endangered flapper skate (Dipturus intermedius) in the waters around the Orkney Isles, Scotland, based on citizen‐science observation data. The habitats of potential egg‐laying sites were parametrised as >20 m depth, with boulders or exposed bedrock, in moderate current flow (0.3–2.8 knots) with low sedimentation. This information provides a significant contribution to the understanding of EFHs for flapper skate.

This study presents new evidence of the extensive trophic role of gelatinous zooplankton by documenting typically nonmarine predators, mallard ducks, feeding on hydrozoans in shallow, coastal environments.

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