Impaired glucose tolerance is a state characterized by hyperglycemia, but with the levels of blood glucose between normal and diabetic values. Diabetic retinopathy is a complication of diabetes the pathogenesis of which is associated with oxidative stress. Metformin is currently the drug of first choice in the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2.The objective was to determine whether there is oxidative damage to the retina in an animal model using the analysis of oxidative damage parameters, TBA reactive substances (TBARS) and advanced oxidative protein products (AOPP), and whether this damage can be mitigated by metformin tratment.The experiment was performed on 10 weeks old Wistar rats randomized into 4 groups. Impaired glucose tolerance was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ), administered 15 minutes after an intraperitoneal injection of nicotinamide. After 4 weeks, metformin was introduced (100 mg/kg, per os). After 2 weeks, the animals were sacrificed under deep anesthesia.The concentrations of TBARS and AOPP in retinal homogenates were significantly higher in animals with impaired glucose tolerance compared to controls (TBARS: 4.09 ± 0.39 vs. 2.98 ± 0.26; p < 0.001 and AOPP: 34.49 ± 3.21 vs. 26.26 ± 3.16; p < 0.001). A strong positive correlation between serum glucose level and level of TBARS (r = 0.757, p < 0.01) and AOPP levels (r = 0.683, p < 0.01) was found. Metformin did not show any significant effects on the examined parameters.Values of the examined parameters indicate that impaired glucose tolerance causes a strong oxidative stress in the retina, which is the first step in the onset of diabetic retinopathy. Metformin therapy at a dose of 100 mg/kg, showed no significant beneficial effect on the process of lipid peroxidation and oxidation of proteins in the tissues of the retina in animals with impaired glucose tolerance.
In the long-term period after kidney transplantation, a certain level of tissue inflammation and therefore the production of proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-18 and IL-2 can be found. The aim of our study was to determine the concentrations of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-18, IL-2 and its soluble receptor (IL-2R) in renal transplant patients, regarding the length of the postoperative period. The study involved 65 patients, transplanted at least 12 months prior to our investigation, divided into three groups, regarding the time passed since the transplantation (12-24, 24-48, and >48 months consecutively). Concentrations of the cytokines in the plasma of the subjects were measured using ELISA method. Group I showed significantly higher concentrations of IL-1b compared to the III (p<0.05), IL-18 compared to the II and III (p<0.05) and TNF-a compared to the II (p<0.05). Cytokine concentrations correlated with the time passed since the transplantation (p<0.05), except for TNF-a. Interleukin-2 correlated negatively with IL-18 and immunosuppressant dosage (p<0.05). Interleukin-1b, IL-18 and TNF-α measurements should be considered for monitoring and detecting potentially subclinical allograft damage in the second year after surgery. However, the dynamics of the change of cytokine concentration may also have been altered by the components of the immunosuppressive protocols used, such as tacrolimus, which is a link that is yet to be examined.
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