The article analyzes milk production in the Russian Federation from 1950 to 2019. Within the period under review, we can distinguish the following changing patterns of the indicator: from 1950 to 1990 the average annual absolute growth rate was 0.84 million tons, between 1991 and 2004 there has been an average annual loss of 1.43 million tons, and since 2005 there has been no growth in milk production. The article explains the reasons for the dynamics of the indicator and suggests measures meant to encourage the growth of milk production and achievement of the Food Security Doctrine in the area of rational consumption rates for milk and dairy products that meet modern requirements on healthy nutrition.
Educational institutions have the right to independently determine the paths of their development, the methods and goals of their achievement, which made them full-fledged subjects of a market economy. The public's demands for the quality of education have increased, the technological side of education has been radically updated, the economic and organizational conditions of their activities are changing rapidly, competition in the educational services market is growing, and the state's attitude towards the education system is steadily changing. Increasing the freedom and independence of educational institutions has led to an increase in their responsibility for the results of their activities. The transformation of the working conditions of the educational services market in the current conditions of socio-economic development of the Russian Federation actualizes issues that are closely related to risk management in educational institutions, because an increase in the independence of educational institutions entails an increase in managerial and, in particular, financial risks for erroneous decisions . In this regard, there is a need to search for effective risk management mechanisms, especially since today there is no universally recognized theoretical approach to the issue of risk management in the field of education.
Russian cheese producers strive to increase their production. A sustainable best-experience raw material base can solve this problem. The authors analyzed the raw material supply in the leading cheese-producing countries in order to develop a system of new targets for Russian cheesemakers. The study featured the performance indicators of the world's leading cheese producers in terms of raw material supply. It relied on scientific, regulatory, and legislative documents. The study also included databases (2017–2022) published by the Federal State Statistics Service, the dairy economic consulting firm CLAL, and the Atlas Big site of international and regional data statistics. The data were processed by statistical methods, e.g., generalization, systematization, distribution, etc., and econometrics, e.g., correlation, regression analysis, etc. The authors calculated the statistical characteristics of raw material supply indicators, assessed the interfactorial relationships, and obtained regression equations to describe these relationships in quantitative terms. The calculations involved the volumes of total and per capita cheese production in various regions of the world. The group of leaders included twenty countries with an average production per capita of 26.5 kg. The key indicators of raw material supply included milk production per capita, livestock, structure, and milk cattle productivity. The research revealed some raw material problems in the domestic cheese industry. For instance, domestic milk production per capita (206.3 kg) is below the average for the leading countries (489.4 kg). This issue is associated with the low milk cattle productivity, which is 4492 kg in the Russian Federation and 7061 kg in the leading cheese-producing countries. The regression equations used determination coefficients of ≥ 0.8 to calculate the main parameters of the domestic cheese-making base that would meet dairy food security criteria. A milk production of 388 kg per capita proved to be the minimal amount that would guarantee food security in the domestic cheese sector. However, the existing number of cows (7.9 million) means that the milk productivity cannot fall below 7146 kg. The required value can be obtained by improving diets and selection. The analytical methods developed in this research provided highly reliable results. These results can solve the problems of providing Russian cheesemakers with a sustainable raw material base, as well as set new targets for agro-industrial dairy enterprises.
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