The RNase H (RNH) function of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) plays an essential part in the viral life cycle. We report the characterization of YLC2-155, a 2-hydroxyisoquinoline-1,3-dione (HID)-based active-site RNH inhibitor. YLC2-155 inhibits both polymerase (50% inhibitory concentration [IC 50 ] ϭ 2.6 M) and RNH functions (IC 50 ϭ 0.65 M) of RT but is more effective against RNH. X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis, and molecular modeling were used to show that YLC2-155 binds at the RNH-active site in multiple conformations.KEYWORDS RNase H, human immunodeficiency virus, inhibitor, reverse transcriptase H IV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) plays a critical role in virus replication. It has multiple functions, including RNA-dependent DNA synthesis, RNase H (RNH) activity, and DNA-dependent DNA synthesis to convert the viral single-stranded RNA genome into double-stranded DNA for downstream incorporation into the host cell genome (1). At least one component of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) administered to patients includes RT polymerase inhibitors, either a nucleoside RT inhibitor(s) or a nonnucleoside RT inhibitor, or both. Prolonged use of antivirals can lead to side effects or drug resistance (2, 3). Hence, new antivirals that act by novel mechanisms of action are needed. No currently approved therapeutics target the RNH function of HIV-1 RT. Hence, RNH is an attractive target for future antiviral therapies.RNH inhibitors of several different chemotypes have been identified and characterized for their effectiveness against HIV-1 (4). These include acylhydrazones (5-7), diketo acids (8, 9), ␣-hydroxytropolones (10), vinylogous ureas (11), naphthyridinones (12), pyridopyrimidinones (13,14), pyrimidinol carboxylic acids (15), hydroxypyridonecarboxylic acids (16), 3-hydroxypyrimidine-2,4-diones (17, 18), and 2-hydroxyisoquinoline-1,3-diones (HIDs) (19). Notably, many 2-hydroxyisoquinoline-1,3-diones inhibit both RT polymerase and RNH functions of RT (19). In order to further understand the mechanism of RT inhibition by HIDs, we further characterized YLC2-155, which is substituted at the C7 position of the 2-hydroxyisoquinoline-1,3-dione with a furan ring (Fig. 1).
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reverse transcriptase (RT) associated ribonuclease H (RNase H) remains the only virally encoded enzymatic function not clinically validated as an antiviral target. 2-Hydroxyisoquinoline-1,3-dione (HID) is known to confer active site directed inhibition of divalent metal-dependent enzymatic functions, such as HIV RNase H, integrase (IN) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5B polymerase. We report herein the synthesis and biochemical evaluation of a few C-5, C-6 or C-7 substituted HID subtypes as HIV RNase H inhibitors. Our data indicate that while some of these subtypes inhibited both the RNase H and polymerase (pol) functions of RT, potent and selective RNase H inhibition was achieved with subtypes 8–9 as exemplified with compounds 8c and 9c.
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