The verbalization of the concept of “fear” in English and Ukrainian phraseological unitsThis article is devoted to the study of English and Ukrainian phraseological units related to the emotional concept of “fear”. The article presents a sample of these phraseological units, compares them, and analyses the inner form of the concept of “fear” in the selected phraseological units. Werbalizacja pojęcia „strachu” w angielskich i ukraińskich jednostkach frazeologicznychArtykuł poświęcony jest badaniu angielskich i ukraińskich jednostek frazeologicznych związanych z emocjonalną koncepcją „strachu”. Artykuł przedstawia próbkę tych jednostek frazeologicznych, porównuje je i analizuje wewnętrzną formę pojęcia „strachu” w wybranych jednostkach frazeologicznych.
The article deals with the analysis of psycholinguistic characteristics of explication of secondary predication, which are considered as dominant determinants of constructing a peculiar picture of the world of the reader. It is noted that in the scientific literature predication is categorized as a category that facilitates the constitution of a sentence in the form of a minimal communicative unit, which helps to establish the identity of the content of the sentence and the content of the reality which is surrounding us. It was determined that predication is: a) a category that contains signs of time, modality and personalization; b) a category that is essentially quasi-communicative, that is one that manifests itself in the attitudes of the opposition to themes and rams; c) a category that contains signs of time and modality. In this article the novel of Frederick Forsyth “The Odessa file” was analyzed (according to the structures of secondary predication). This analysis suggests that the largest number of secondary predication structures are components of predication structures: 2137 cases, representing 51.38% of the total (4159 of all structures of secondary predication). This group includes the structures of secondary predication of all five types, but the most frequent are the structures of secondary predication, where the secondary predication is expressed by the adjective: in 35.47%. In addition, it should be noted that the structures of secondary predication with the infinitive are the most frequent of all types of structures of secondary predication and make up 34.82% of the total sample size, that is, almost the third part from all amount of cases. The structures of secondary predication, that are Participle II and the structures of it modification, make up 30.89% of the total. However, in the novel of Frederick Forsyth “The Odessa file” also there are the structures of the secondary predication of all five types. Cases when the structures of secondary predication act as components of the modification structures are the least frequent (only 39.07% of the total), however, this group also includes the structures of secondary predication of all types. It was clarified the concept of secondary predication. We believe that secondary predication is the amplification of features of the sentence, which amplifies the meaning of the sentence to the reality that is surrounding us, thus these structures are facilitating, building the image of the world or a peculiar picture of the world of a reader, the picture which, in turn, will determine the mental scripts, frames and images of this man in the future.
The purpose of the article is: to show psycholinguistic peculiarities of understanding by Ukrainian students the principles of nomination of linguocultural models “clothing” in the English and Ukrainian languages. The methods of the research are: theoretical ones – categorical and structurally-functional analysis of the texts, the methods of systematization, modeling, generalization; empirical methods – the analysis of lexical units, the experiment. For the purpose of studying the motivation of linguocultural units we used “The methods of studying of motivation by linguocultural units of the thematic group “clothing” in the English and Ukrainian languages” (Mykhalchuk & Ivashkevych, 2020). The results of the research. For the understanding of linguocultural units of the thematic group “clothing” in the Ukrainian language the laws of organization of usualized (a priori) and actual (a posteriori) communicative meanings, their interaction, movement, etc. are quite important. For understanding linguocultural units of the thematic group “clothing” in the English language it is sufficient superficial perception of lexical units that denote the nominations of clothing, understanding the features of their motivation, in particular, verbs, nouns and adjectives, as well as mastering the form of presentation of this or that lexical unit. Conclusions. As a result of the research psycholinguistic features of students’ understanding of linguocultural units of the thematic group “clothing” in the English and Ukrainian languages were established. Productivity of students’ understanding of linguocultural units of the thematic group “clothing” in the Ukrainian language is determined by (a) the deep meaning of lexical units; (b) semantics and spatio-temporal meanings of linguocultural units; (c) syntactics of lexical units; (d) verb and noun basis of clothing nomination; (e) various connections between explicit concepts (metaphorical and metonymic transference); (f) assertive content of the nominative unit denoting “clothing”; (g) understanding of inferences, implications, intentions of the expressionж (h) explication of usualized (a priori) communicative meanings.
Purpose. The purpose of this research is, based on the results of our empirical research, to determine the psycholinguistic paradigms of the Medical staff – Patients communicative interaction in the conditions of COVID-19 in Ukraine and Scotland, in particular in the context of the perception of the emotional concepts by respondents. Methods. The main method of our research is a psycholinguistic experiment, the main stage of which was the exemplification experiment. It is the experiment that allows us to make a specific idea of the concept, the result of which is the selection of a set of lexical units representing some object. As additional methods we used oral interviews and questionnaires for the method of psychological diagnosis of “The Methodology for the psychological diagnostics of coping mechanisms” by Heim (2022). Results. Among the main associations of Ukrainians we should note a lexical unit “to die”, which is the most frequent characteristics of the youngest respondents (in age of 31–55 years old). In addition their behavior is also characterized by a reaction of “fear” – “to be scared”, “to fade” (relevant for people from 31 to 77 years old), “to complain”, “to suffer” (they are typical for respondents of 31–55 years old). Respondents of all age groups who were treated at Western General Hospital in Edinburgh (Scotland) recorded categorically different aspects of the unit “fear” by derivative word-forming units which explain: a personal state of the individual: synonymous adjectives “fearful” and “fearsome” – full of fear; traits of the character of the person (which in 96.69% of cases belonged to the Medical Staff, and only 1.54% of cases – to patients); negative assessment of the threat object; a manner of the person’s behavior. Conclusions. Ukrainian patients’ perception of “bad news” should be divided into two phases: the first one is existential. It is characterized by fear, despair, destruction of life plans. The second phase is mobilization, when personal resources are activated, including their adaptive and relatively adaptive coping, and “bad news” is a trigger for fight with the disease COVID-19. Respondents from Scotland think that archilexem of field “fear” is a diffuse unit “a fear of COVID-19” with a lot of meanings, which plays the role of hyperonym for all other synonyms which have the function of nominees of fear. We are talking about the actualization of conceptual structures of the meanings of synonyms which denote the forms of prototype emotion “a fear of getting sick with COVID-19”.
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