The article deals with an important and relevant topic – the definition of the concept and essence of cryptocurrencies, the study of the problems of their legal regulation, the rationale for control over their turnover, as well as the analysis of ways to counter money laundering that involves cryptocurrency. The authors emphasize that measures taken exclusively at the state level are not enough to create an effective, integrated and comprehensive system for regulating the legal status of cryptocurrencies. Therefore, international cooperation and the strengthening of cooperation between various states in the field of cryptocurrency regulation is important. The authors analyze the scientific doctrine regarding the essence of cryptocurrency. It was found out that there was no single approach to the definition of “cryptocurrency” among scientists. Moreover, cryptocurrencies in various laws of the world have different status. The authors used general scientific and special scientific methods, which provided an objective analysis of the purpose of the study. The research methods were used in interconnection and interdependence, which ensured the comprehensiveness and completeness of the research, as well as the validity of the obtained scientific results. The authors have determined states where cryptocurrency has an official status, is at the initial stage of legal regulation or completely prohibited at the state level. The relevance of the research consists in the actual absence of the legal framework for the regulation of cryptocurrencies, which is conditioned by the novelty of this phenomenon and the problems related to its functioning. The authors proposed their own definition of cryptocurrency based on its main features.
The article reveals the problems of inheritance with a foreign element. In the modern world without borders, people change their residence, own real estate, keep bank accounts, and possess other property in different countries. This cannot but have consequences for succession. This, in turn, can create some difficulties, cause disputes between the heirs, and will undoubtedly affect the costs of registration of the inheritance. Another common problem is that a will made in one country may not have legal effect in another country where it must be executed. These and many other issues could not remain unresolved at the level of the European Union. A unified approach to solving many inheritance issues was found through the adoption of Regulation (EU) No 650/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 July 2012 on the jurisdiction, applicable law, recognition, and enforcement of decisions and acceptance and enforcement of authentic instruments in matters of succession and on the creation of a European Certificate of Succession. This provision came into effect on August 17, 2015, and applies to cases of inheritance arising after this date. Inheritance cases are formalized by one competent authority (court or other instance) in one state.
The urgency of the issue in question lies in the need to improve anti-discrimination legislation in Ukraine. The article aims to summarize the current state of combating discrimination in sports. Research methods include analysis, generalization, and the formal-logical method. The article summarizes international acts that promote the prohibition of discrimination and the need to combat it. One of the main problems in world sport is racial discrimination, and there are three types of racism in sports. The main disadvantage of laws that lead to imperfect prosecution mechanism is entirely criminal liability for discrimination, even though the law on preventing and combating discrimination also implies administrative and civil liability. The article analyzes some positive foreign experience in combating and counteracting in sports. It shows that the priority areas for combating and counteracting discrimination in sports in Ukraine should be: (a) improving the legislation in terms of prosecution; (b) establishing a special body responsible for combating and counteracting discrimination in sports; (c) introducing educational tools in schools and among members of sports organizations that promote human rights, regardless of race, colour or other characteristics. Emphasis is placed on the fact that an effective mechanism of legal regulation together with preventive measures should guarantee the protection of the rights of both athletes and fans. The obtained results can serve as the basis of legislative proposals to improve the fight against discrimination in sports, which will ensure the protection of human rights.
The right of a person to access medicines is derived from the right to health. At the time of the establishment of fundamental human rights, the issue of lack of access to medical supplies was not considered a violation of human rights. The spread of pandemics has led to the gradual recognition of the right of access to medicines. The TRIPS agreement fundamentally reformatted the discussion on access to medicines. Prior to the TRIPS Agreement, states had considerable independence in the formation and implementation of state policy in the field of intellectual property. TRIPS obliges countries to provide pharmaceutical patents. The growing influence of the international patent system has aroused widespread interest and concern about the impact on access to medicines. The Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement defines the importance of the implementation and interpretation of the Agreement in the most favorable way for the protection of public health by making available to the public existing medicines and creating conditions for the production of new ones. Ukraine is on the way to creating its own legislation in the field of intellectual property. Art. 219 of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union contains provisions according to which the parties recognize the importance of the Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement in the field of health care. Positive changes in the field of intellectual property include the provisions of the Law of Ukraine «On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine on the Reform of Patent Legislation» № 816-IX as of 21.07.2020. This law limited the range of objects to be patented. The implementation of these legislative changes is impossible without a proper methodology for the examination of novelty. Reforming the national system of intellectual property protection has created good preconditions for the formation of a civilized pharmaceutical market in Ukraine. Among the areas of legislation in Ukraine, there is an urgent need to form an institution of compulsory licensing. A separate area is the introduction of the pre-grant and post-grant procedures of the opposition. An important area of legislative work is the formation of a favorable domestic policy for innovation and invention in the field of medicine and biotechnology.
The article considers the specifics and problems of administrative liability for offenses in the field of information legal relations. Due to the rapid development of information relations, the issue of regulatory and legal support of information security has become especially relevant. A brief description of the concepts of «information legal relations», «information offense», «administrative liability» is briefly considered. The current normative legal acts concerning the imposition of administrative liability for offenses in the field of information relations were considered and analyzed. The shortcomings of the current legislation in the field of administrative liability and their impact on the information sphere were identified and described. The application of the legislation that regulate information legal relations in practice demonstrates vivid examples of information offenses and the impossibility of ensuring full information security of society. To combat violations of rights in this field there is an institution of legal liability, which is represented by administrative, criminal, civil and disciplinary liability. The main and most applicable is administrative liability. The current mechanisms of administrative liability in the information sphere are considered and a number of inaccuracies contained in the current legislation were considered. There is a real need for further detailed research and development of the institute of legal responsibility in the field of information relations. Today it is at the stage of formation and development. Thus, it was concluded that it is necessary to allocate a separate section in the Code of Administrative Offenses, which would provide a complete list of offenses in the field of information circulation. The positive consequences of creating a rule that would provide for administrative liability of legal entities for committing information offenses are considered. However, the need to regulate the norms of the Code of Administrative Offenses to establish responsibility for the content and quality of media content on television and radio is noted.
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