BackgroundVaccination is a cost-effective public health measure and is central to the Millennium Development Goal of reducing child mortality. However, childhood vaccination coverage remains sub-optimal in many settings. While communication is a key feature of vaccination programmes, we are not aware of any comprehensive approach to organising the broad range of communication interventions that can be delivered to parents and communities to improve vaccination coverage. Developing a classification system (taxonomy) organised into conceptually similar categories will aid in: understanding the relationships between different types of communication interventions; facilitating conceptual mapping of these interventions; clarifying the key purposes and features of interventions to aid implementation and evaluation; and identifying areas where evidence is strong and where there are gaps. This paper reports on the development of the ‘Communicate to vaccinate’ taxonomy.MethodsThe taxonomy was developed in two stages. Stage 1 included: 1) forming an advisory group; 2) searching for descriptions of interventions in trials (CENTRAL database) and general health literature (Medline); 3) developing a sampling strategy; 4) screening the search results; 5) developing a data extraction form; and 6) extracting intervention data. Stage 2 included: 1) grouping the interventions according to purpose; 2) holding deliberative forums in English and French with key vaccination stakeholders to gather feedback; 3) conducting a targeted search of grey literature to supplement the taxonomy; 4) finalising the taxonomy based on the input provided.ResultsThe taxonomy includes seven main categories of communication interventions: inform or educate, remind or recall, teach skills, provide support, facilitate decision making, enable communication and enhance community ownership. These categories are broken down into 43 intervention types across three target groups: parents or soon-to-be-parents; communities, community members or volunteers; and health care providers.ConclusionsOur taxonomy illuminates and organises this field and identifies the range of available communication interventions to increase routine childhood vaccination uptake. We have utilised a variety of data sources, capturing information from rigorous evaluations such as randomised trials as well as experiences and knowledge of practitioners and vaccination stakeholders. The taxonomy reflects current public health practice and can guide the future development of vaccination programmes.

BackgroundEffective provider-parent communication can improve childhood vaccination uptake and strengthen immunisation services in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Building capacity to improve communication strategies has been neglected. Rigorous research exists but is not readily found or applicable to LMICs, making it difficult for policy makers to use it to inform vaccination policies and practice.The aim of this project is to build research knowledge and capacity to use evidence-based strategies for improving communication about childhood vaccinations with parents and communities in LMICs.Methods and designThis project is a mixed methods study with six sub-studies. In sub-study one, we will develop a systematic map of provider-parent communication interventions for childhood vaccinations by screening and extracting data from relevant literature. This map will inform sub-study two, in which we will develop a taxonomy of interventions to improve provider-parent communication around childhood vaccination. In sub-study three, the taxonomy will be populated with trial citations to create an evidence map, which will also identify how evidence is linked to communication barriers regarding vaccination.In the project's fourth sub-study, we will present the interventions map, taxonomy, and evidence map to international stakeholders to identify high-priority topics for systematic reviews of interventions to improve parent-provider communication for childhood vaccination. We will produce systematic reviews of the effects of high-priority interventions in the fifth sub-study. In the sixth and final sub-study of the project, evidence from the systematic reviews will be translated into accessible formats and messages for dissemination to LMICs.DiscussionThis project combines evidence mapping, conceptual and taxonomy development, priority setting, systematic reviews, and knowledge transfer. It will build and share concepts, terms, evidence, and resources to aid the development of communication strategies for effective vaccination programmes in LMICs.

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Within the film, Legally Blonde, female stereotypes further encourage hegemonic masculinity through the implementation of differing female types and the placement of the men in power positions. The research paper explores specific camera angles and attire worn by the female characters along with the gender's behavior towards the other. The continuos representation of interactional cultural expectations highlights the concept of trading power for patronage between the protagonists of the film. The research also draws connections with the female characters and their categorization of desiring one-dimensional love. Overall, the female chacater's need to attend Harvard Law School with the goal to obtain marriage fuels the dialogue of hypersezualization and hegemonic masculinity in relation to women.

In the last three years, JUUL Company has gained popularity through the media because of its party-themed advertisements and subsequently, its rise in teen vape consumption. While other studies have researched the increase of vaping in the previous years, this paper will draw connections between different stimuli on the JUUL advertisements and its effects on teenage vaping. In order to examine these connections, the author conducted a study to further analyze particular advertising practices used by the JUUL Company to attract the younger generations to their product; specifically, the study has two components that gather quantitative and qualitative data. For the first element of the study, the author created a survey that tests the effectiveness of different stimuli on the advertisements and distributed it to participants ranging from thirty-three years old to eighteen years old. The resulting age gap allowed the author to gather information from subjects with different life experiences and maturity. The findings of this section concluded that the participants within the ages of eighteen and twenty-two are influenced by their involvement in a social media echo-chamber; therefore, the younger generations do not even recognize their association with the echo-chamber but continue to fall into trend cycles since the trends, such as vaping, consume their internet feed. Overall, both adults and teens were able to acknowledge the strong presence of ‘Juuling’ in their communities and the majority labeled the JUUL posters as “party-like”. In the second element of the study, the author conducted group experiments with high school students ranging from fourteen years old to eighteen years of age. The findings of this section proved herd mentality and psychological reactance as the participants began to copy each other’s behavior and became attracted to the advertisements that were presented as ‘unattainable’. This study validates the effectiveness of the stimuli on advertisements when analyzing its connections to teenage vaping. Therefore, as a future solution, corporate lobbying in government for JUUL must be further restricted and minimal so teenagers will not be as exposed to JUUL’s marketing and in return, there will be a decrease in death rates caused by vaping.