The identification of specific genetic and amyloid precursor protein [APP] mutations) and environmental factors responsible for Alzheimer's disease (AD) has revealed evidence for a shared pathway of neuronal death. Moreover, AD-specific cell defects may be observed in many other nonneuronal cells (e.g., lymphocytes). Thus, lymphocytes may serve as a cellular system in which to study risk factors of sporadic, as well as genetic AD in vivo. The aim of our present study was to clarify whether lymphocytes bearing genetic or sporadic risk factors of AD share an increased susceptibility to cell death. Additionally we examined whether a cell typespecific vulnerability pattern was present and how normal aging, the main risk factor of sporadic AD, contributes to changes in susceptibility to cell death. Here, we report that lymphocytes affected by sporadic or genetic APP and PS1 AD risk factors share an increased vulnerability to cell death and exhibit a similar cell type-specific pattern, given that enhanced vulnerability was most strongly developed in the CD4 + T-cell subtype. In this paradigm, sporadic risk factors revealed the highest impact on cell type-specific sensitivity of CD4 + T cells to apoptosis. In contrast, normal aging results in an increased susceptibility to apoptosis of both, CD4 + and CD8 + T cells.

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Background: LetibotulinumtoxinA (LeBA; Hugel Inc.) is a novel botulinum toxin derived from the Clostridium botulinum strain CBFC26. It is marketed as Botulax with cosmetic and neuromuscular indications.Materials and Methods: This review article summarizes the current literature regarding the key efficacy and safety studies regarding LeBA. It also highlights unique features of LeBA regarding its physical properties, onset with use, duration of effect, and immunogenicity.Results: LeBA's cosmetic use shows efficacy in decreasing glabellar lines and crow's feet. It has also shown efficacy in treating post‐stroke upper limb spasticity, blepharospasm, and dynamic equinus foot deformities in children with cerebral palsy.Discussion: LeBA is a novel BoNT type A that is currently indicated for treatment of both neuromuscular disease and for cosemetic purposes. LeBA has displayed equivocal efficacy and a similar safety profile when compared to other botulinum neurotoxin preparations.