No abstract

Young rifts are shaped by combined tectonic and surface processes and climate, yet few records exist to evaluate the interplay of these processes over an extended period of early rift-basin development. Here, we present the longest and highest resolution record of sediment flux and paleoenvironmental changes when a young rift connects to the global oceans. New results from International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 381 in the Corinth Rift show 10s–100s of kyr cyclic variations in basin paleoenvironment as eustatic sea level fluctuated with respect to sills bounding this semi-isolated basin, and reveal substantial corresponding changes in the volume and character of sediment delivered into the rift. During interglacials, when the basin was marine, sedimentation rates were lower (excepting the Holocene), and bioturbation and organic carbon concentration higher. During glacials, the basin was isolated from the ocean, and sedimentation rates were higher (~2–7 times those in interglacials). We infer that reduced vegetation cover during glacials drove higher sediment flux from the rift flanks. These orbital-timescale changes in rate and type of basin infill will likely influence early rift sedimentary and faulting processes, potentially including syn-rift stratigraphy, sediment burial rates, and organic carbon flux and preservation on deep continental margins worldwide.

The STAT1 transcription factor is organized into several highly conserved domains, each of which has been assigned a function with the exception of the linker domain. We previously characterized a mutant in the linker domain of STAT1 that gave normal DNA binding using a standard probe in an electrophoretic mobility assay but failed to activate transcription in response to interferon ␥. We now report the mechanistic basis for the inactivity of this STAT1(K544A/E545A) mutant. Rather than failing to attract transcriptional coactivators, the STAT1(K544A/E545A) mutant has a subtle biophysical defect, which prevents accumulation of the activated protein on chromatin in vivo: the mutant has comparable K d with greatly increased k off for DNA binding. The increase in both on-rate and off-rate of DNA binding results in a substantially reduced residence time of STAT1(K544A/E545A) on STAT binding sites. We find a similar correlation between off-rate and transcriptional potency for STAT1(N460A), which bears a mutation in the DNA binding domain. These results yield insight into the rate of complex assembly involving STAT1 that leads to transcriptional stimulation.

No abstract

[1] This study presents borehole geophysical data and sidewall core chemistry from the Wallula Pilot Sequestration Project in the Columbia River flood basalt. The wireline logging data were reprocessed, core-calibrated and interpreted in the framework of reservoir and seal characterization for carbon dioxide storage. Particular attention is paid to the capabilities and limitations of borehole spectroscopy for chemical characterization of basalt. Neutron capture spectroscopy logging is shown to provide accurate concentrations for up to 8 major and minor elements but has limited sensitivity to natural alteration in fresh-water basaltic reservoirs. The Wallula borehole intersected 26 flows from 7 members of the Grande Ronde formation. The logging data demonstrate a cyclic pattern of sequential basalt flows with alternating porous flow tops (potential reservoirs) and massive flow interiors (potential caprock). The log-derived apparent porosity is extremely high in the flow tops (20-45%), and considerably overestimates effective porosity obtained from hydraulic testing. The flow interiors are characterized by low apparent porosity (0-8%) but appear pervasively fractured in borehole images. Electrical resistivity images show diverse volcanic textures and provide an excellent tool for fracture analysis, but neither fracture density nor log-derived porosity uniquely correlate with hydraulic properties of the Grande Ronde formation. While porous flow tops in these deep flood basalts may offer reservoirs with high mineralization rates, long leakage migration paths, and thick sections of caprock for CO 2 storage, a more extensive multiwell characterization would be necessary to assess lateral variations and establish sequestration capacity in this reservoir.

Interferon-induced transcription depends upon tyrosine phosphorylation, subsequent dimerization, and binding to DNA of STAT1. Other factors, including but not necessarily limited to CBP/p300, then bind within the C-terminal 38 amino acid transactivation domain (TAD) to activate transcription. We show that both tyrosine-phosphorylated STAT1␣ (full-length wild-type protein) and STAT1␤ (lacking the TAD) stimulate in vitro transcription on a naked DNA template. Furthermore, in a system with purified proteins and naked DNA, STAT1␣-and STAT1␤-dependent transcription is stimulated by the TRAP/Mediator co-activator complex. Thus STAT1, through some site other than the C-terminal TAD, can interact with TRAP/Mediator or some intermediate protein. Although both STAT1␣ and STAT1␤ bind to known STAT sites within in vitro assembled chromatin templates, only STAT1␣, and not STAT1␤, in cooperation with p300 and acetyl-CoA, stimulated in vitro transcription from chromatin. After interferon-␥ treatment, cells recruit STAT1␣ or -␤ to the chromosomal interferon-1 gene, but only STAT1␣-containing cells recruit p300 and stimulate transcription. We conclude that chromatin remodeling by p300 in vivo makes TRAP/Mediator effective in stimulating transcription.The signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) 1 proteins were discovered as interferon (IFN)-induced DNA-binding proteins that bound to sequences upstream of IFN-induced genes (1-3). These binding sites are capable of directing IFN-induced transcription of synthetic reporter genes in transfection experiments. Extensive studies of this family of transcription factors by mutagenesis and by reintroduction of mutant proteins into cells lacking particular STATs has allowed assignment of various functions to physical domains of the STATs that were then specifically delineated by crystallography (3-5). Thus, residues from ϳ320 to 485 form the DNA binding domain. Residues from 580 to 680 form an SH2 domain, which, by reciprocal SH2-pY interactions, provides the only protein contact in DNA-bound dimers. Residues from 1 to 130 form an N-terminal domain that allows a STAT dimerdimer interaction on DNA (6 -8), which greatly strengthens DNA binding and increases transcription. A coil-coil region (residues 135-320) affords an extensive surface that could serve to interact with other nuclear proteins and is known to do so in several cases (9 -12). Finally, a C-terminal 38-amino acid segment binds the coactivator p300/CBP and is required for IFN-␥-induced transcriptional activation (13-16).Despite this progress, many detailed mechanistic questions about STAT function remain, particularly because STAT molecules will likely participate in cooperative transcription factor clusters called enhanceosomes (4,11,17). In particular, it is unknown whether STATs contain transcriptional activation domains other than the C-terminal domain that interacts with p300 and whether cognate-interacting factors function (like p300) in chromatin remodeling or at subsequent steps. The analysis of STAT func...

No abstract

Abstract. Phase 1 of the Colorado Plateau Coring Project (CPCP-I) recovered a total of over 850 m of stratigraphically overlapping core from three coreholes at two sites in the Early to Middle and Late Triassic age largely fluvial Moenkopi and Chinle formations in Petrified Forest National Park (PFNP), northeastern Arizona, USA. Coring took place during November and December of 2013 and the project is now in its post-drilling science phase. The CPCP cores have abundant detrital zircon-producing layers (with survey LA-ICP-MS dates selectively resampled for CA-ID-TIMS U-Pb ages ranging in age from at least 210 to 241 Ma), which together with their magnetic polarity stratigraphy demonstrate that a globally exportable timescale can be produced from these continental sequences and in the process show that a prominent gap in the calibrated Phanerozoic record can be filled. The portion of core CPCP-PFNP13-1A for which the polarity stratigraphy has been completed thus far spans ∼215 to 209 Ma of the Late Triassic age, and strongly validates the longer Newark-Hartford Astrochronostratigraphic-calibrated magnetic Polarity Time-Scale (APTS) based on cores recovered in the 1990s during the Newark Basin Coring Project (NBCP). Core recovery was ∼100 % in all holes (Table 1). The coreholes were inclined ∼60–75∘ approximately to the south to ensure azimuthal orientation in the nearly flat-lying bedding, critical to the interpretation of paleomagentic polarity stratigraphy. The two longest of the cores (CPCP-PFNP13-1A and 2B) were CT-scanned in their entirety at the University of Texas High Resolution X-ray CT Facility in Austin, TX, and subsequently along with 2A, all cores were split and processed at the CSDCO/LacCore Facility, in Minneapolis, MN, where they were scanned for physical property logs and imaging. While remaining the property of the Federal Government, the archive half of each core is curated at the NSF-sponsored LacCore Core Repository and the working half is stored at the Rutgers University Core Repository in Piscataway, NJ, where the initial sampling party was held in 2015 with several additional sampling events following. Additional planned study will recover the rest of the polarity stratigraphy of the cores as additional zircon ages, sedimentary structure and paleosol facies analysis, stable isotope geochemistry, and calibrated XRF core scanning are accomplished. Together with strategic outcrop studies in Petrified Forest National Park and environs, these cores will allow the vast amount of surface paleontological and paleoenvironmental information recorded in the continental Triassic of western North America to be confidently placed in a secure context along with important events such as the giant Manicouagan impact at ∼215.5 Ma (Ramezani et al., 2005) and long wavelength astronomical cycles pacing global environmental change and trends in atmospheric gas composition during the dawn of the dinosaurs.