Smoking has a negative influence on human beings. Carcinogens detected in smoke can increase the risk of developing chronic disorders, cancer and premature death. Nicotine can also affect dermatological diseases such as psoriasis, hidradenitis suppurativa, chronic dermatoses, alopecia, lupus erythematosus, polymorphous light eruption, skin cancer and tobacco-associated oral lesions. Advanced education at a doctor's surgery in various medical occupations can change the bad habits and protect people from the consequences.
The aim of the study was to determine the diversity in the standard of living of the inhabitants across the municipalities that make up the Kraków district (powiat krakowski). The study ex- amined the socio-economic conditions and the relationship between the standard of living and the distance from the central city. In their research, the authors also attempted to determine the relationship between the quality of life and the accessibility of green areas. The standard of living and accessibility of green areas were defined as synthetic indicators, using the non-model method. In order to verify the research questions, the Pearson’s linear correlation coefficient was applied. The basis for calculating the value of the green areas accessibility index was a network analysis conducted using the QGIS 3.16 software, applied to the CORINE Land Cover 2018 and OpenStreetMap data. The research on the standard of living and quality of life was based on data from public statistics. Ultimately, two classifications were obtained: (1) the standard of living and the quality of life, and (2) the accessibility of green areas. Significant differences in the values of the quality of life and standard of living index were demonstrated. It was concluded that the municipalities of Wielka Wieś, Zabierzów, and Zielonki have the highest standard of living of all the studied area. The best accessibility of green areas is found in the Krzeszowice municipality. In the analysed area, no significant correlation was found between the standard of living and the accessibility of green areas. The results can be applied, among others, in conducting marketing activities of administrative units and as an aid in determining areas requiring the attention of local authorities.
Persons intending to live in Germany should have a certain knowledge of the German language and about the country in general. Foreigners may acquire the necessary skills and knowledge by participating in integration courses. They are financed by the state as well as by the immigrants themselves. The aim of the article is to evaluate the system of financing such courses that was adopted in Germany. As part of the justification for selecting this particular topic it is worth mentioning that there are no analyses on this subject available in the source literature. Furthermore, also the geopolitical situation in the world and the influx of refugees in Europe (including Germany) that results from it serve to prove just how current and important with regard to cost economics the issue of financing immigrant integration actually is. The analysis has been carried out on the basis of German legal acts and the financial data obtained from the Federal Statistical Office and the Federal Office for Migration and Refugees. The article covers the period January 2017 – July 2018 and is based on the method of document analysis.
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