The article is aimed at analyzing forms and methods of struggle of the Russian Black Hundreds against Ukrainian activists of the tsarist army in the prisoner-of-war camps on the territory of Austria-Hungary and Germany (Freistadt, Rastatt, Wetzlar, Salzwedel), being ukrainized at the end of 1914-1915, which was accompanied by the removal of ethnic Russians from those camps. The research novelty of the article lies in the objective evidence of those factors that initially made it almost impossible to carry out cultural and educational work among captured Ukrainians, as well as the reconstruction of the process of gradual overcoming by the camp residents of their non-acceptance of national liberation slogans and the idea of Ukrainian independence. Conclusions: It is proved that despite various methods of intimidation (physical violence against Ukrainian activists, destruction of books and magazines, boycott of schools, anonymous leaflets of threatening content, writing down registration numbers of prisoners, etc.), the Black Hundreds did not succeed in preventing the activities of cultural and educational circles created in the camps by the Union for the Liberation of Ukraine (ULU). In a short time, the majority of camp residents joined Ukrainian organizations in the camps, which enabled to minimize the influence of anti-Ukrainian forces. So Ukrainians managed to overcome their centuries-old fear of tsarist despotism, which constrained their ideas and actions with the threat of inevitable punishment. Their desire to gain as much knowledge as possible in conditions of captivity, their readiness to acquire new skills and abilities that they might need during civilian life – suppressed all frightening efforts of the Black Hundreds. It became possible to achieve because of the involvement of captured Ukrainian officers into national organizational activities. Thanks to this, thousands of Ukrainians devoted to the cause of national liberation were brought up in the camps, ready for the armed defense of Ukraine against the Bolshevik invasion.
The article highlights the diplomatic aspect of Ukraine-NATO relations during russia’s military aggression against Ukraine, launched in 2014. Ukraine’s diplomatic interaction with the North Atlantic Alliance already has a long and difficult history, which has radically changed the image of our country in the world. The indisputable principle on which the fruitful Ukraine-NATO relations are based is that without Ukraine’s involvement in the Alliance’s activities, it will be impossible to build indivisible security in Europe. In 2018, the Verkhovna Rada finally approved the amendments to the Constitution of Ukraine regarding the formulation of the idea of joining the EU and NATO. This decision consolidated Ukraine’s strategic course at joining the Alliance and the European Union and made it impossible to change that political course. From the very beginning of the russian-Ukrainian war in 2014, NATO diplomacy was grounded on its steadfast position to support Ukraine’s sovereignty and territorial integrity within internationally recognised borders. However, NATO declarations and statements regarding solidarity with Ukraine have become a staple feature of diplomacy of the Alliance. During the russian-Ukrainian war, diplomatic interaction between Ukraine and the Alliance took place in the format of the Ukraine-NATO Commission (UNС). The process of Ukraine’s accession to NATO has been too long, and Kyiv is still trying to convey this to the Alliance. The author is arguing that if our country had taken the same steps as a number of other CEE states, having acquired the status of a full member of the Alliance, the unleashing of aggression by the russian federation could have been averted. Keywords: russian-Ukrainian war, NATO, membership in the Alliance, NATO summit, Ukraine-NATO Commission, MAP.
The article analyses the source and information potential of the reports of the delegations of the Union for the Liberation of Ukraine, which were sent to multinational camps of captured soldiers of the tsarist army for the purpose of compiling lists of Ukrainians for their subsequent transfer to the Ukrainian Freistadt camp. The importance of the topic chosen for research lies in the fact that the information gleaned from these reports makes it possible to clarify in detail the main manifestations of the daily life of prisoners, as well as to learn some features of their national character. At the same time, the mentioned reports fully illustrate certain aspects of the organizational activities of the Union, which made it possible to lay a lasting foundation for the unity of Ukrainians in the multinational camps of prisoners of war from the tsarist army. The stay of the IED delegates in the camps made it possible to form a small circle of Ukrainian activists capable of risking their lives to carry out the difficult task of spreading national liberation ideas among prisoners of the tsarist army. The methods used by the author of this article include the narrative methodology, which involves the description of a social phenomenon, as well as military anthropology, with its focus on the study of world pictures, symbolic systems and fundamental forms of human behavior, mostly hidden and not clearly formulated. It became possible to analyze the general psychological state of prisoners in the conditions of camp isolation thanks to the use of the methodology of social determinism. The characteristics of the national types of prisoners of the tsarist army are of significant scientific interest, the knowledge of which is an important task of Ukrainian historical science — especially in the light of the Russian-Ukrainian war of 2022–2023. Studying the mental traits of captured Russians and Russified Jews, who were ready for any tricks against those Ukrainians who dared to have their own opinion, allows us to understand the depth of the fall of the modern Russian ethno-social conglomerate.
The article deals with the strategic approaches and interests of Ukraine in the context of the crisis of the European security system in connection with the Russian-Ukrainian conflict. Russian aggression against Ukraine from 2014, including the annexation of Crimea and deployment of a major war in Donbas, further aggressive and unpredictable actions of a large nuclear power have sharply increased instability of global security environment, greatly exacerbated the effect of negative factors aimed at destruction of the existing world order. Recent threats arise from the very nature of contemporary international relations and have become an objective phenomenon. The authors focuse on the causes of the current crisis of the European security system. The factors of formation and essence of the political position of the EU and NATO concerning the military-political aggression of Russia against Ukraine in 2014, are revealed. The peculiarities of the European security policy, strategic interests of the EU in conditions of the restoration of elements of block-civilization confrontation are analyzed.
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