Aspect-Oriented Programming (AOP) is recognized as one of the main techniques for separation of concerns. AOP has been used for automatic evaluation of the usability of WIMP applications, with the aim of monitoring events and GUI components and recording data in logs. A weakness of AOP approaches is low semantic value and a low level of abstraction of the results. One possible solution to overcome these limitations is to use an AO framework for assessing the usability of user tasks. However, little research has been devoted the development of AO frameworks from scratch. Although different design and programming patterns are available, insufficient experience has been reported regarding their application in the development of frameworks. This paper presents AJMU, an AO framework for the automatic evaluation of the usability of user tasks in desktop applications. AJMU was developed from scratch, using AO patterns. This paper also reports on experiments involving AJMU's instantiation with real applications.Key words: Usability, framework, aspect-oriented programming, design patterns, Aspect J INTRODUCTIONAspect-Oriented Programming (AOP; Kiczales et al., 1997) has been used to implement the automatic evaluation of the usability of WIMP applications (Bateman et al., 2009;Holzinger et al., 2011;Humayoun et al., 2009;Shekh and Tyerman, 2010;Tao, 2008Tao, , 2012Tarta and Moldovan, 2006). The predominant approach in this research has been to trace events and the execution of GUI components and store the data in a log, without any context of greater significance. Consequently, the evaluation of usability has little relevance for the evaluator and is not at an appropriate level of abstraction.An AO framework that automatically assesses the different factors of usability (efficiency, effectiveness and satisfaction) for user tasks would be a more appropriate tool. A user task is a unit of analysis that is more relevant and more complex, requiring the implementation of diverse functions, relationships and interactions. Even though popular AO frameworks exist (Spring AOP and JBoss AOP), research on AO frameworks is still in a nascent stage. AOP has primarily been proposed to overcome the weaknesses of OO frameworks (Kulesza et al., 2006;Santos et al., 2007;Vaira and Caplinskas, 2011) and not so much for building frameworks from scratch.When developing a framework rather than an ordinary application, some program constructs or "design elements," are very important. These design elements include abstract modules (classes
A retrospective analysis of EGDT trials from 2000 to 2018 registered in national clinical trials is presented here: (PRISM‐U) Study group attributed that the sepsis cohort with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) bacteremia for higher rate of in‐hospital mortality. FEAST (ISRCTN69856593) trial observed that fluid resuscitation in children with sepsis significantly increased mortality (48‐hour) possibly due to impaired perfusion. SSSP trail (NCT01449916) showed that though hypoxemic respiratory failure as contributing factor for mortality in addition to tissue hypoperfusion as inclusion criteria of patients with hypovolemia but excluding the patients with severe respiratory distress when ventilator support is not readily available could have potentially improved the survival rate. ARISE (NCT00975793) presented their report on the effectiveness of EGDT compare to that of usual sepsis care had similar (~18%) mortality rate concluding that EGDT did not reduce all‐cause mortality at 90 days. PRISM (NCT02030158) reported that, EGDT miss the mark to relieve mortality rate compare to that of usual care cohort. ProCESS (NCT00510835) reported that among 1341 patients, of whom 439 were randomly assigned to protocol‐based EGDT, 446 to protocol‐based standard therapy, and 456 to usual care in which protocol‐based resuscitation of patients in whom septic shock was diagnosed in the ER did not improve outcomes. ProMISe (ISRCTN36307479) concluded that septic shock cohort identified early and treated with intravenous antibiotics and adequate fluid resuscitation, hemodynamic management according to a strict EGDT protocol showed that no difference in mortality rate by 90 days. The IMPreSS study group found that compliance with “all of the evidence‐based bundle metrics” had a 40 % reduction in the odds of dying in hospital with the 3‐h bundle and 36 % for the 6‐h bundle. ProCESS Investigators (NCT00793442, NCT00510835 ) showed that increase in leucocyte rolling and adhering to dysfunctional endothelial surface in the cohort of septic shock compare to that of control, attributed to an increase in endothelial permeability‐hemostasis as cause for mortality. SSSP‐2 (NCT01663701) reported that cohort with sepsis and hypotension, most of whom were positive for HIV, in a resource‐limited setting, a protocol for early resuscitation with administration of intravenous fluids and vasopressors increased in‐hospital mortality compared with usual care. MOSAICS Study Group attributed the high mortality rate in severe sepsis treatment for the variation in adhering to the “all of the evidence‐based bundle metrics” for sepsis treatment. GENESIS project comparing 6‐hour resuscitation bundle (RB) for severe sepsis cohort showed decreased mortality rate compare to that of no RB bundle. Taken together it is suggested that lack coherent antibiotic stewardship practices across the globe warrant immediate review during EGDT and implementation of such guidelines would likely improve the survival rate in both low and high resource setting. Support or Funding In...
El desarrollo de aplicaciones para Grid computing, puede beneficiarse si se aplican enfoques emergentes de Ingeniería de Software basados en la Separación Avanzada de Concerns. En el presente trabajo analizamos los más representativos, de qué manera se aplicaron en el área de Grid computing. Los enfoques abordados incluyen Desarrollo de Software Dirigido por Mo-delos, Desarrollo de Software Basado en Componentes, Desarrollo de Software Orientado a Aspectos, Ingeniería de Línea de Productos y Desarrollo de Software Orientado a Features. Se analizan y comparan estos enfoques de Separación Avanzada de Concerns para determinar de qué manera y en qué grado cada uno de ellos satisfacen las necesidades que se requieren para desarrollo de aplicaciones para Grid computing.
La Revisión Sistemática de la Literatura es necesaria toda vez que un investigador se enfrenta con el desafío de resolver un problema que es de su interés. Es un método de investigación consistente en tres etapas: planificación de la revisión, desarrollo de la revisión y publicación de resultados. El presente trabajo es resultado de la ejecución de la planificación de la revisión que está relacionada con la calidad de servicio (Quality of Service, QoS) o requerimientos no funcionales aplicados en etapas tempranas del desarrollo de aplicaciones para Grid compu- ting. De esta forma se presenta el estado del arte acerca del tema antes mencionado.
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