In the studied group, it was noted that there is a need to promote oral hygiene, as it contributes to the fall in gingivitis prevalence among school children.

The intake of fibre in the diet of a child or an adult, through various foods (such as wholegrain foods, nuts, fruits and vegetables), plays an important role in reducing the risk and lowering the incidence of numerous diseases. The interest of researchers and consumers in the role of diet in the prevention or treatment of many illnesses, and maintaining the general and oral health, has been growing lately. The aim of our study was to underline the role of dietary fibre through its effects on many aspects of the human body and metabolism. Evidence has been found that dietary fibre from whole foods or supplements may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease by improving serum lipids and reducing serum total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentrations in adults and children. Increased fibre content decreases the glycaemic index of foods, which leads to a significant improvement in glycaemic response. High fibre intake is associated with reduced risk of colorectal and breast cancer. In contemporary children, the reluctance to chew raw, hard plant foods may result in a risk of malocclusion and a lack of tooth wear, which cause the need for orthodontic intervention. Fibre consumption is associated with high nutritional value and antioxidant status of the diet, enhancing the effects on human health.

The prevalence of DED in the examined population was low and comparable to those reported in regions without fluoridated water. The study confirmed that children affected by diffuse enamel opacities were less susceptible to dental caries, while demarcated opacities and hypoplasia should be considered important dental caries risk factors.

The everyday work of a dentist requires the skill to properly select a filling or a prosthesis shade. Moreover, the development of adhesive techniques and the increasingly wide range of composite materials available expand the array of procedures where these abilities prove useful. Students of dentistry and dental technology are trained in the structure of teeth, the properties of materials and their shades. They are all important parts of preclinical education. New devices help dentists choose shades in their dental practice, but the selection of a filling shade is still almost always based on visual perception; and it is the result of cooperation between a doctor and a dental technician. Such cooperation brings about the best aesthetic results. However, practical verification of these skills takes place at a dental chair with a patient sitting in it.The choice of a shade is affected by several factors, among others by the individual predispositions of the doctor. This includes the red-green vision disorder (color blindness). As candidates for AbstractBackground. In the course of their training, students of dentistry and dental technology learn the structure of teeth and their shades. These are important parts of preclinical education. Objectives. The aim of this study was to evaluate if the ability to identify the shades of composite fillings depends on the field of study (dentistry and dental technology) or on the sex of participants, and indirectly assess whether dental students need support during this procedure. Material and Methods. The study involved a group of 74 students of the second year of dentistry (33 women and 19 men) and dental technology (20 women and 2 men). The students identified the shades of A1, A2, A3, C1 and C2 Herculite XRV ® fillings in 5 extracted teeth. Results. There was no statistically significant difference in the ability to identify the filling shade between the students of dentistry and the students of dental technology (p = 0.303). A difference was found in the correct identification of filling shades between men and women (p = 0.04996). The ability to correctly determine shades changed depending on the filling shade in a tooth and ranged between 13% and 82%. Conclusions. The ability of dentistry and dental technology students to match a shade of a restoration to a shade of a tooth is affected by sex but not by the students' field of study. (Dent. Med. Probl. 2016, 53, 3, 394-400).

Growth hormone (GH) is involved in the regulation of the postnatal dental and skeletal growth, but its effects on oral health have not been clearly defined. This paper aims to provide a review of current clinical knowledge of dental caries, tooth wear, developmental enamel defects, craniofacial growth and morphology, dental maturation, and tooth eruption in growth hormone deficient (GHD) children. A systematic review was carried out using Scopus, MEDLINE-EbscoHost and Web of Science from 2000 to May 2021. PRISMA guidelines for reporting systematic reviews were followed. All the selected studies involved groups under eighteen years of age, covering a total of 465 GHD patients. The studies that were selected provide reliable evidence for delayed dental maturity and orthodontic disturbances in GHD patients. Data on dental hard tissues pathology are scarce and are limited to occurrences of dental caries. GHD children showed abnormal craniofacial morphology with reduced mandibular dimensions, with a resulting tendency towards Angle’s Class II occlusion, which affected up to 31% of patients. Dental age has been shown to be delayed in GHD patients by about 1 to 2 years. Moreover, the risk of dental caries in children with GHD decreases with increasing levels of vitamin D. Hence, further studies would be valuable for evaluating the risk of various oral health problems and to organize targeted dental care for this vulnerable group.

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Aim of the study was to analyze students’ opinions on the learning outcomes they achieved during clinical classes in pediatric dentistry. The classes were run in various periods: before the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic (onsite classes), in the first months of the pandemic (online classes), and in the following months of the pandemic (onsite classes with additional infection control and administrative changes in patients’ admission procedures). Material and methods. The research was conducted among fifth-year dentistry students at Poznan University of Medical Sciences. Students who completed the entire course and passed the diploma exam in pediatric dentistry were asked to complete the anonymous questionnaire providing their opinion. Results. The research results showed that, in the students’ opinion, clinical classes—regardless of their form—allowed them to achieve the knowledge necessary to perform pediatric dental procedures. However, the students appreciated onsite classes significantly more compared to information and communication technologies (ICT) classes in gaining practical skills and social competence. Conclusions. (1) The significant limitations introduced because of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic impacted the development and implementation of modern online teaching techniques, which may very well be applied to convey theoretical knowledge after the pandemic has ended. (2) Skills and social competence, indispensable in the future dental practice of dental students, can only be obtained during onsite classes. (3) Medical universities should design standards of teaching to enable them to address a possible epidemiological threat in the future, which will enable rapid response and safe continuation of practical dental education during a pandemic.

Introduction and Objective. Tooth agenesis may be present even in 9.6% of individuals of both genders, with the predominance in permanent dentition. The aim of the study was to present a review of the literature on the etiology of dental agenesis, with particular emphasis on the genetic background and the associated syndromes of congenital abnormalities. Objective and Review Methods. Online databases were searched: Pubmed, GoogleScholar and Scopus. 32 articles from the last 18 years were qualified for the study and used in this review. Inclusion criteria were: children, congenital disorders, syndromic diseases, missing teeth, tooth agenesis. The study takes into account both syndromes common in the population and rare disorders. Brief description of the state of knowledge. Many genes are responsible for both isolated and syndromic tooth agenesis. The most studied and involved in the formation of this anomaly are: MSX1, PAX9, AXIN2, WNT10A, EDA, TGF, SHH. The presented study shows that various forms of agenesis are caused by genes that involve interacting molecular pathways. The course of this phenomenon is very diverse, especially in syndromes of defects accompanied by other craniofacial anomalies. Summary. The absence of one or several teeth seriously disrupts the proper development of a child, as tooth agenesis affects the craniofacial development and psychosomatic development of a patient at developmental age. Children diagnosed with missing tooth buds should receive comprehensive treatment, which includes dentists with such specialties as: maxillofacial surgeon, dental surgeon, orthodontist or prosthodontist.