Studies dealing with the effects of changing global temperatures on living organisms typically concentrate on annual mean temperatures. This, however, might not be the best approach in temperate systems with large seasonality where the mean annual temperature is actually not experienced very frequently. The mean annual temperature across a 50-year, daily time series of measurements at Helgoland Roads (54.28 N,7.98 E) is 10.18C while seasonal data are characterized by a clear, bimodal distribution; temperatures are around 68C in winter and 158C in summer with rapid transitions in spring and autumn. Across those 50 years, the temperature at which growth is maximal for each single bloom event for 115 phytoplankton species (more than 6000 estimates of optimal temperature) mirrors the bimodal distribution of the in situ temperatures. Moreover, independent laboratory data on temperature optima for growth of North Sea organisms yielded similar results: a deviance from the normal distribution, with a gap close to the mean annual temperature, and more optima either above or below this temperature. We conclude that organisms, particularly those that are short-lived, are either adapted to the prevailing winter or summer temperatures in temperate areas and that few species exist with thermal optima within the periods characterized by rapid spring warming and autumn cooling.

In this study, we investigate the subsurface salinity changes on decadal timescales across the subtropical South Atlantic Ocean using two ocean reanalysis products, the latest version of the Simple Ocean Data Assimilation and the Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean, Phase II, as well as using additional climate model experiments. Results show that there is a recent significant salinity increase at the core of the salinity minimum at intermediate levels. The main underlying mechanism for this subsurface salinity increase is the lateral advective (gyre) changes due to the Southern Annular Mode variability, which conditions an increased contribution from the Indian Ocean high salinity waters into the Atlantic. The global warming signal has a secondary but complementary contribution. Latitudinal differences at intermediate depth in response to large-scale forcing are in part caused by local variation of westward propagation features, and by compensating contributions of salinity and temperature to density changes.

Prof(a). Dr(a).Prof(a). Dr(a). Grade Grade Grade "O que sabemos é uma gota; o que ignoramos é um oceano."Isaac Newton (1642Newton ( -1727 À minha mãe e meu pai, pelo amor incondicional, pelo exemplo de vida e família. AcknowledgementsDois anos e meio depois e cá estou eu novamente tentando por em papel a imensa gratidão que eu sinto por cada um daqueles que contribuiram para que esse trabalho deixasse de ser apenas uma ideia... e fazer isso sem escrever demais e chorar demais. Danilo! Eu tive que separar um parágrafo especial pra você dessa vez (se bem que você merecia uma página toda!). Obrigada, meu amigo, por tudo. Pelo ombro amigo, pelo companheirismo, pelos chocolates nos dias ruins e principalmente, por me ensinar tanto! Nem posso acreditar na sorte que eu tive de ter você na minha turma, no mesmo lab... Essa dissertação não seria a mesma sem sua mente brilhante pra achar soluções rápidas para os meus problemas que sempre pareciam insolúveis. anks Anne-Marie and Julie. When I le Brazil, I could not expect to learn so much! is six months were a unforge able challenge. I have no words to say how grateful I am for this experience.Ma hew, Patri, Luz, Maribel, Nico... I'm so happy to have met you guys! My days in France would not be the same without you. Brest would be more gray and colder.Meus amigos campineiros, Mari, Naty, Cacá, Rafa... que me deixam com mais saudades do interior. E que me dão a segurança de que eu sempre vou ter abraços fortes, taças de vinho e muita risada sempre que quiser ou precisar voltar.Agradeço também à Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) que nanciou meus projetos e meus sonhos (processos 2010/13741-0 e 2012/12269-1) e tornou a realização desse trabalho possível.Por m, a todos aqueles que de uma maneira ou de outra me ajudaram a construir esse trabalho e a passar por essa etapa da minha vida, meu eterno e sincero obrigada.

Global energy consumption has grown over the years marked by technological development and industrialization. Renewable sources have gained prominence due to climate urgency and international agreements that aim to reduce CO2 emissions across the planet. In this regard, wind energy, already consolidated in the onshore region, has evolved offshore regions. In Brazil, there is a growing interest in offshore wind projects. Many of these projects are currently through the environmental licensing process, mostly in the southeastern region of the country. It is known that this area has a relevant wind energy potential. This area is dynamically dominated by the South Atlantic Subtropical Height, the main meteorological phenomenon in the region, which has been affected by recent changes in the global atmospheric circulation. This work aims to evaluate the temporal variation of offshore wind potential in southeastern Brazil. ERA5 reanalysis hourly outputs from 1979 to 2020 were evaluated through high-level computational tools (python and CDO programming languages and GIS software) and consolidated statistical analysis mechanisms. A general decrease in the frequency of low wind speed records (≤7.5 m·s−1) and a raise in the higher wind speed range (>7.5 m·s−1), mainly related to the intensification and expansion of the South Atlantic Subtropical Height (SASH) over the past 40 years, were observed and affected the estimates of offshore wind potential over the analyzed region. Apart from the coast of São Paulo and the south coast of Rio de Janeiro, there was a consistent increase in the wind power density over decades. The four analyzed points presented an increase of 1.55 W·m−2·y−1 to 1.89 W·m−2·y−1, which corresponds to an increase of 8.2% to 11.2% in the median wind power density.