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M129--------dc21The Research Department (RES) publishes the Latin American Economic Policies Newsletter, as well as working papers and books, on diverse economic issues.To obtain a complete list of RES publications, and read or download them please visit our web site at: http://www.iadb.org/res 3 Abstract * Recent literature has emphasized the importance of transport costs and infrastructure in explaining trade, access to markets, and increases in per capita income. For most Latin American countries, transport costs are a greater barrier to U.S. markets than import tariffs. We investigate the determinants of shipping costs to the U.S. with a large database of more than 300,000 observations per year on shipments of products at the six-digit HS level from different ports around the world. Distance and containerization matter. In addition, we find that efficiency of ports is an important determinant of shipping costs. Improving port efficiency from the 25th to the 75th percentile reduces shipping costs by 12 percent. (Bad ports are equivalent to being 60 percent farther away from markets for the average country.) Inefficient ports also increase handling costs, which are one of the components of shipping costs. We try to explain variations in port efficiency and find that they are linked to excessive regulation, the prevalence of organized crime, and the general condition of the country's infrastructure. Finally, we present a number of success stories in Latin America to show that private involvement in port management leads to efficiency and lower costs whenever it is accompanied by labor reform, and when monopoly power is reduced through either regulation or competition.JEL number: [F1, L41, L92]
En el corregimiento de Pance (Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia), se han generado claras preocupaciones sobre la planeación territorial local, no solo como corregimiento sino como micro cuenca. El objetivo del presente artículo es analizar la correlación entre el modelo del actual Plan de Ordenamiento Territorial de la ciudad de Cali y las transformaciones organizativas comunitarias que emergen entre la población del corregimiento de Pance. Para esto se describe el contexto socio económico y político de la sub-cuenca, caracterizando sus relaciones socioeconómicas y culturales. Posteriormente se realiza una aproximación teórico-conceptual a las principales teorías del desarrollo y los principales enfoques del desarrollo rural, con el propósito de identificar el modelo de desarrollo que corresponde al ordenamiento de Cali. Por último, se aporta una reflexión sobre la relación entre las políticas de ordenamiento local-municipal y las nuevas formas de organización y movilización comunitaria.
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