Most current protocols for the diagnosis of fungal infections are based on culture-dependent methods that allow the evaluation of fungal morphology and the identification of the etiologic agent of mycosis. Most current protocols for the diagnosis of fungal infections are based on culture-dependent methods that enable the examination of the fungi for further identification of the etiological agent of the mycosis. The isolation of fungi from pure cultures is typically recommended, as when more than one species is identified, the second agent is considered a contaminant. Fungi mostly survive in highly organized communities that provoke changes in phenotypic profile, increase resistance to antifungals and environmental stresses, and facilitate evasion from the immune system. Mixed fungal biofilms (MFB) harbor more than one fungal species, wherein exchange can occur that potentialize the effects of these virulence factors. However, little is known about MFB and their role in infectious processes, particularly in terms of how each species may synergistically contribute to the pathogenesis. Here, we review fungi present in MFB that are commensals of the human body, forming the mycobiota, and how their participation in MFB affects the maintenance of homeostasis. In addition, we discuss how MFB are formed on both biotic and abiotic surfaces, thus being a significant reservoir of microorganisms that have already been associated in infectious processes of high morbidity and mortality.
Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de obter dados sobre a relação entre o aleitamento materno e o desenvolvimento do microbioma dos recém-nascidos, visto que a microbiota intestinal está envolvida, entre outras razões, com a saúde do hospedeiro e como ele reage a certas doenças na vida adulta. O microbioma se desenvolve a partir do nascimento, quando parte desse é adquirida pelo parto e a outra principal razão é o aleitamento materno. O papel fisiológico dos micro-organismos transferidos da mãe para o bebê ainda não está muito bem esclarecido na literatura. A pesquisa dos artigos foi realizada na base de dados on-line PubMed. Foram pesquisados artigos originais publicados entre julho de 2018 e junho de 2019 que avaliaram a influência do aleitamento materno no microbioma de bebês. A busca inicial na base de dados gerou 972 artigos. O título e o resumo de cada artigo foram analisados e aplicados os critérios de inclusão e exclusão, sendo que 964 foram excluídos e divididos em categorias. Oito artigos foram selecionados para a revisão sobre o tema. A análise dos artigos selecionados demonstrou que o aleitamento materno é uma prática de extrema importância, pois o leite materno possui componentes e mecanismos capazes de proteger a criança de várias doenças e é uma fonte natural de lactobacilos, bifidobactérias e oligossacarídeos que auxiliam a regular e formar o microbioma intestinal infantil. Palavras-chave: Aleitamento Materno. Microbioma. Leite Materno. Microbiota. Abstract This work was developed in order to obtain data on the relationship between breastfeeding and the development of the newborn's microbiome, since the intestinal microbiota is involved, among other reasons, with the host’s health and how the same reacts to certain diseases in adult life. The microbiome develops from birth, when part of it is acquired through childbirth and the other main reason is breastfeeding. The microorganisms’ physiological role transferred from the mother to the baby is not well understood in the literature. The search for the articles was carried out in PubMed online database. Original articles published between July 2018 and June 2019 that evaluated the breastfeeding influence on the babies’ microbiome were searched. The initial database search generated 972 articles. The title and summary of each article were analyzed and the inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, being 964 excluded and divided into categories. Eight articles were selected for review on the topic. The analysis of the selected articles showed that breastfeeding is an extremely important practice, as breast milk has components and mechanisms capable of protecting the child from various diseases and is a natural source of lactobacilli, bifidobacteria and oligosaccharides that help to regulate and form the infant intestinal microbiome. Keywords: Breastfeeding. Microbiome. Breast Milk. Microbiota.
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