Topicality: In recent years, ideas about the mechanisms of action of a local lysozyme containing antiseptic have been significantly expanded. Data on the availability of antiviral drugs and a positive effect on regeneration processes have been obtained. Objective: In order to further study the properties of the drug, its effect on the mechanisms of inflammation in a clinical setting and model of inflammation in an animal experiment was investigated. Material and methods: Clinical and immunological studies were conducted in 22 children aged 9-12 years, of which 10 people represented a group of healthy donors. 12 people with exacerbation of chronic catarrhal pharyngitis received the drug Lizak in the form of monotherapy according to the instructions. The oropharyngeal secretion was studied, where the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (Cytokine, RF), lactoferrin (Vector Best, RF), as well as the macrophage inflammatory protein MIP-1b (Hucaltbiotecknolgy, Netherlands) were determined by the ELISA method. As an analyzer, a Lab line reader (Austria) was used. The studies were carried out at two points: before the start of therapy and a day after its completion. Under the experimental conditions, a model of caraginan edema of rat paws was used, which, prior to the introduction of phlogogen, received per os drug lizak. The degree of edema was determined using a special installation with an installed micrometer for measuring the thickness of the feet in the time interval from 0 to 24 hours. In addition, the levels of proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β and anti-inflammatory interleukin-10 were determined in the blood serum of animals at the same time intervals. Statistics were carried out using the ‘t’ –Student criterion. Results: Under monotherapy with the drug Lysak in children with acute pharyngitis, a decrease in the content of proinflammatory factors, interleukin-1β and Mip-1b, in the oropharyngeal secretion is shown. When studying the effect of the drug on the development of aseptic inflammation (stage of exudation) in the foot of rats, it was found that the drug Lizak had an inhibitory effect on the development of edema in the range of 1-4 hours, after which its effect was not detected (24 hours). In the control group and the “pure” control group, inflammatory edema was detected compared to the initial level (p=0.02) at 4 hours and was not detected after 24 hours. The drug Lysac has the ability to inhibit the development of aseptic local inflammation in the initial stages of its development. Confirmation of the systemic nature of the action of the drug is to reduce the level of pro-inflammatory cytokine-interleukin-1 in the blood serum of animals by 4 hours from the onset of the inflammatory process. Conclusions: The drug Lizak actively reduces the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines both systemically and with local use and has a pronounced decongestant effect.
Topicality: It is considered proven that the state of the immune system determines the development and course of many pathological processes, which are based on inflammation. At the same time, taking into account modern trends in assessing the immunological status, a mandatory component is to determine the state of local immunity in the upper respiratory tract. Aim: to conduct an integral analysis of data to determine the state of local immunity in inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract (URT) to select the optimal necessary informative indicators. Materials and methods: A generalization of the data of immunological studies of 168 people with inflammatory pathology of the upper respiratory tract (VDS) was carried out, of whom 42 had chronic tonsillitis (CT), 36 – chronic rhinitis (HR – catarrhal form), 40 – chronic pharyngitis (CP), 28 – secretory mean otitis media (CO), 22 people made up the control group (C) of practically healthy donors. The age of the surveyed was from 14 to 60 years, the duration of the diseases was from 1 to 5 years, female patients predominated (~ 60%). The examination was carried out at the stage of clinical remission. The material for the research was mixed saliva, in which the content of immunolobulins and citrokines was investigated by the ELISA method: enzyme immunoassay, the following factors of immunity and inflammation in the CGS were determined: - secretory and monomeric form of immunoglobulin A (Hema Medica, RF); - immunoglobulins of classes G, M (Hema Medica, RF); - interleukins – 1β; 4; 8; 10 (Cytokine, RF); - interferons α and γ (Cytokine, RF); - pro- and defensins (Nucalt bioteknology, Netherlands); - macrophage inflammatory protein-Mip-1b (Assauro, USA); - salivary lysozyme (Diagnostik Nord, Germany). Statistical processing was carried out using the methods of Student’s t-criterion and angular transformation “φ” according to Fisher. Results: Integral of all methods for determining various types of immunity in diseases of the upper respiratory tract with a chronic course is the insufficiency of factors of both innate and acquired immunity, especially during the period of clinical remission of the disease. A special role in protective reactions belongs to the humoral component, in which the most stable indicator is the level of class A secretory immunoglobulin; it has been shown that almost all the studied components of the immune response had abnormalities in the presence of a chronic inflammatory process in the upper respiratory tract and they can be presented as a line the degree of decrease in the frequency of deviations: secretory IgA, IgG., pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL1β and IL-8), γ-interferon, lysozyme, defensin-β, Mip-1b. Conclusion: The developed criteria and approaches to assessing systemic immunity in patients with inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract can be used in examining patients and assessing the effectiveness of therapy.
The purpose of the study: to determine the features of the clinical course of the chronic inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract and the basic parameters of immunity in various variants of contact of patients with the coronavirus. Material and methods: The clinical study was conducted during the end of 2021 and 2022. We examined 45 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, taking into account the transferred COVID-19 and vaccination against it. Among them, 15 patients did not suffer from COVID-19 and were not vaccinated against it (group I), 15 people with chronic inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract, who did not suffer from COVID-19 and were vaccinated against it (Group II), 15 patients with chronic inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract, who were sick with COVID 19 and were vaccinated against it (III gr.). All patients were divided into groups depending on the number of acute viral infections per year: 1-2 times per year, 3-4 times per year, 5-6 times per year, and by the number of episodes of exacerbations of chronic inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract per year (1-2, 3-4, 5 times or more). An immunological study of the following groups of patients was also carried out: I – patients with chronic inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract, who did not suffer from COVID-19 and were not vaccinated against it (n=7); ІІ – patients with chronic inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract, who did not suffer from COVID 19 and were vaccinated against it (n=12); ІІІ – pat ients with chronic inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract, who were sick with COVID 19 and were vaccinated against it (n=15) and a control group (n=32) – clinically healthy individuals who were examined before the very beginning of the COVID-19 epidemic. The relative number of leukocytes, monocytes and lymphocytes in the peripheral blood, the relative number of lymphocytes with markers CD3+, CD8+, CD20+ and immunoglobulins of the IgM, IgG, IgA classes were determined from the basic parameters of immunity. Results: In patients with chronic inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract in the remission stage, the main symptoms of their disease were observed, but they were significantly more pronounced in patients who suffered from Covid-19 and were vaccinated against it. As a result of the comparison of clinical groups of patients, it was established that the frequency of acute respiratory viral infections was higher among those who were sick with Covid-19 and were vaccinated against it. In patients with chronic inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract who had contact with a coronavirus infection, trends to a decrease in the number of blood lymphocytes, CD3+and CD8+ T-lymphocytes and an increase in the concentration of class M immunoglobulin were determined in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract who had contact with a coronavirus infection and were vaccinated against it. Thus, corona virus infection, especially in combination with vaccination, can negatively affect the state of the basic parameters of immunity.
Topicality: Today, as an assessment of the effectiveness of vaccination against influenza infection is to determine the level of antibodies against influenza virus hemagglutinin, which is determined by the reaction of inhibition of hemagglutination. It is known that the effect of vaccination with modern drugs is short-lived, compared with what remains after the disease. Therefore, there is a need for further vaccinations, which are carried out without taking into account the state of immunity in those who will be vaccinated. This raises the question of the appropriateness of this approach in individuals who, according to this indicator, can already be considered protected from influenza infection and how often such patients occur in clinical practice. Material and methods: From the autumn-winter period of 2019 to November 2020, 32 donors and 32 patients with chronic inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract chronic inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract of both sexes who were not vaccinated for 1 year before the study were examined. Among these patients, 11 were diagnosed with chronic rhinosinusitis, 9 with chronic tonsillitis, and 12 with chronic pharyngitis. All patients with chronic inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract underwent a complete otolaryngological examination prior to influenza vaccination and were monitored for another 36 weeks thereafter. Attention was paid to their general clinical condition, cases of exacerbations of chronic inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract and the number of episodes of acute respiratory viral infections during the year before vaccination according to the anamnesis and for the observation period during the post-vaccination period. Samples of serum venous blood of donors, as well as persons with chronic inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract were obtained at the initial examination, and in vaccinated patients 3, 12 and 36 weeks after vaccination and stored at -20°C (Ardo, Italy) until the simultaneous detection of antibodies (Ab) to influenza A and B viruses by hemagglutination inhibition reaction with human erythrocytes 0 group. Trivalent influenza inactivated split vaccine Vaxigrip (France) was used both for vaccination and in the determination of Ab in the blood for influenza viruses. In all examinations, the titer of anti-influenza Ab and the content of immune complexes were determined in the sera of patients, and the content of total IgE was measured in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract before and after 12 and 36 weeks. Statistical processing of the obtained results was performed in accordance with the recommendations of Glantz. Results: In 41% of those examined protectively significant titers of antibodies to hemagglutinins of vaccine strains of influenza virus vaccine Vaxigrip were detected in the blood. Parenteral vaccination of patients with chronic inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract against influenza helped to improve the course of their underlying clinical disease and reduce their incidence of acute respiratory viral infections within 36 weeks after vaccination. The effect of increasing the level of antibodies to hemagglutinins of influenza virus remained at the limit of 3 months and decreased. Influenza vaccination in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract with the presence of most of them at the time of vaccination of clinically significant protective titers of antibodies to hemagglutinins vaccine strains of viruses led to an increase in blood in the long term of the vaccination process levels of immune complex and total IgE relative to their initial level, while these indicators did not exceed the limits of their physiological values. Conclusion: Single parenteral influenza vaccination leads to a short-term increase in the blood of specific projective antibodies, improving the clinical condition of patients with inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract, increasing the level of immune complexes and total IgE.
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