Purpose Besides conventional kidney diseases diagnostics, micro RNAs (miRNAs) assessment in urine and serum is considered to be a promising non-invasive method of diagnostics of renal parenchymal diseases and valuable therapeutic target also. The purpose of the study was to investigate the role of several miRNAs as a markers of kidney damage. Methods Assessment of 45 chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients stage 1–4 and 17 healthy control. Sample of urine and blood was taken from each participant for molecular analysis using Real Time PCR method to identify such micro-RNAs as: hsa-miR-155-5p, hsa-miR-214-3p, hsa-miR-200a-5p, hsa-miR-29a-5p, hsa-miR-21-5p, hsa-miR-93-5p, and hsa-miR-196a-5p. Basic biochemical test was done. Analysis was performed in CKD patients group and subgroup with chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN) confirmed by kidney biopsy. Moreover, analysis was performed in subgroup with different estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (according to CKD–EPI equation: eGFR < 60 ml/min, eGFR > 60 ml/min) and different daily protein excretion (DPE): (DPE < 3.5 g; DPE > 3.5 g). Results Increased relative expression of hsa-miR-29-5p, hsa-miR-21-5p, and hsa-miR-196a-5p and decreased expression of hsa-miR-155-5p, hsa-miR-214-5p, hsa-miR-200a-5p, and hsa-miR-93-5p was demonstrated in urine of analyzed CKD patients. In subpopulation of chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN) patients, there was higher level of expression in urine of hsa-miR-155-5p, hsa-miR 214-3p, hsa-miR-93-5p, and hsa-miR-196a-5p in CGN with DPE < 3.5 g. CGN patients with eGFR < 60 ml/min showed higher expression level of miRNAs such as hsa-miR-214-3p, hsa-miR-29-5p, hsa-miR-93-5p, and hsa-miR-196-5p in urine. There was increase in hsa-miR 155-5p, hsa-miR-214-3p, and hsa-miR-200a-5p serum expression level in CKD population and reduction of hsa-miR-29a-5p, hsa-miR-21-5p, and hsa-miR-93-5p expression. Increased level of expression of hsa-miR-155-5p; hsa-miR-214-3p, hsa-miR-200a-5p, and hsa-miR-29-5p was found in CGN patients with eGFR > 60 ml/min. Conclusion Increased relative expression of profibrogenic miRNAs in urine or serum of CKD patients with eGFR > 60 ml/min and DPE < 3.5 g may indicate higher degree of fibrosis at early CKD stages.

Innate immune cells such as natural killer (NK) cells, macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) are involved in the surveillance and clearance of tumor. Intensive research has exposed the mechanisms of recognition and elimination of tumor cells by these immune cells as well as how cancers evade immune response. Hence, harnessing the immune cells has proven to be an effective therapy in treating a variety of cancers. Strategies aimed to harness and augment effector function of these cells for cancer therapy have been the subject of intense researches over the decades. Different immunotherapeutic possibilities are currently being investigated for anti-tumor activity. Pharmacological agents known to influence immune cell migration and function include therapeutic antibodies, modified antibody molecules, toll-like receptor agonists, nucleic acids, chemokine inhibitors, fusion proteins, immunomodulatory drugs, vaccines, adoptive cell transfer and oncolytic virus–based therapy. In this review, we will focus on the preclinical and clinical applications of NK cell, macrophage and DC immunotherapy in cancer treatment.

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