BackgroundPeru is what Peruvian anthropologist Lupe Camino calls the “health axis” of the old Central Andean culture area stretching from Ecuador to Bolivia. In particular in the North of the country the traditional use of medicinal dates back as far as the first millennium B.C. Both healers, and the wider population, often buy their medicinal plants in local markets, but there is very little comparative information available about which plants are sold under which vernacular name at any given time, for which indication, and which dosage information and information about side effects is given by vendors. For this study we used two traditionally used species groups “Hercampuri” Gentianella spec. (Gentianaceae) and “Pasuchaca” Geranium spec. (Geraniaceae.), found in the Mercado Aviación in Lima, as small, clearly circumscribed plant group frequently used to treat symptoms of diabetes as a test case to study the taxonomy, indications, dosage, indicated side effects, and additional species used as admixtures and hypothesized that: 1. A wide variety of different species is sold under the same common name, and often several common names exist for one species. 2. There is no consistency in the dosage, or a relationship between dosage and species marketed under one name. 3. However, there is consistency in the knowledge about usage and side effects.MethodsSurveys focusing on medicinal plants sold and their properties were conducted at the Mercado Aviación in Lima in December 2012. Vouchers of all specimens were deposited at the National Herbarium of Peru.Results and conclusionsOur surveys in Mercado Aviación in Lima yielded four species of Gentianella, two of Geranium, and three additional species from three genera used as common additives that were sold as anti-diabetic. These results indicate that even in case of only a few plant species, used for a very clearly circumscribed application, patients run a considerable risk when purchasing their remedies in the market. The possible side effects in this case are the more serious because diabetes has to be treated long term, and as such the patients are ingesting possible toxic remedies over a long period of time. Much more control, and a much more stringent identification of the material sold in public markets, and entering the global supply chain via internet sales, would be needed.
INFORMACIÓN DEL ARTÍCULO ResumenLos propágulos del género Rhizophora son frecuentemente afectados por Coccotrypes rhizophorae, un insecto que provoca daño y muerte de los propágulos. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el daño causado por C. rhizophorae en propágulos del manglar La Boca-Crucita. Se establecieron 3 zonas: Zona núcleo de Manglar (MZN), Zona de transición entre manglar y espejos de agua (MEA), y Zona de transición entre el manglar y zonas intervenidas (MCB) y se colectaron aleatoriamente 2100 propágulos durante siete meses (700 por zona). Se determinó que el mayor porcentaje de infestación con 37% fue en la zona MCB. La zona radical con un 25% de daño fue la más afectada en los propágulos. El estado adulto prevaleció en la época seca, mientras en la época de lluvia predominaron las pupas. La mayor sobrevivencia se registró en propágulos con 25% y 50% de daño simulado incluso mayor que en los propágulos sanos.
Resumen Los cactus globulares son el grupo de cactáceas en mayor riesgo de extinción en el Ecuador Continental. Melocactus bellavistensis, se encuentra distribuido en un valle seco interandino en la provincia de Loja y actualmente se encuentra listado en la categoría de Datos Insuficientes (DD) por la UICN. La otra especie, M. peruvianus se conoce solo en dos localidades confirmadas en Huaquillas (El Oro), cerca de la frontera con Perú y está considerada como extinta en el Ecuador. Se reporta un nuevo registro de M. peruvianus en un pequeño remanente de Espinar Litoral dentro de la Reserva Ecológica Arenillas. Se analiza la distribución y probabilidad de ocurrencia para ambas especies, y se estima el área de distribución que ocupan mediante el método del polígono mínimo convexo (PMC). Se recomienda una nueva evaluación del estado de conservación y se proponen dos nuevos tipos de categorías para ambas especies en Ecuador. Finalmente, se presentan varias alternativas para su conservación.
The scale insect genus Crypticerya Cockerell, 1895 (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Monophlebidae: Iceryini) is mainly distributed in the New World and includes numerous pest species despite being a relatively small group. Ovisacs have longitudinal flutes or grooves in those species that produce them, hence their common name “fluted scales”.” In the present study, Crypticerya multicicatrices Kondo & Unruh and Crypticerya genistae (Hempel) are reported for the first time from Ecuador. The two species of fluted scales were found to cause outbreaks in urban green areas in Guayas province on the Ecuadorian coast, attacking native and alien plants. Eighty-five and eleven new host plant species were recorded for C. multicicatrices and C. genistae, respectively. Both invasive fluted scales prefer hosts in the family Fabaceae. No significant differences in the infestation levels of C. multicicatrices and C. genistae were found between native and alien host-plant species. In general, C. multicicatrices prefers trees as hosts, whereas C. genistae prefers herbaceous plants and shrubs. Both species are considered serious pests in urban green areas, associated with sooty molds, yellowing of leaves, and, in some cases, tree dieback. Management strategies to control the fluted scales are discussed briefly.
Con el propósito de localizar refugios de murciélagos, identificar las especies que los habitan, su nicho trófico, describir el tipo de refugio y su entorno, desde el manglar hasta el bosque seco de la Reserva Ecológica Arenillas, en la provincia de El Oro, al suroeste del Ecuador, se realizaron cinco salidas de campo en cinco meses, de tres días cada una, con un esfuerzo de 120 horas/red. La búsqueda de refugios se hizo durante el día, mientras que durante la noche se establecieron seis puntos de muestreo con redes de neblina cerca de los refugios encontrados. Los murciélagos capturados en redes fueron identificados por medidas morfométricas, sexados y liberados en el sitio de muestreo. Se capturaron 122 individuos en los puntos de muestreo y en los refugios, más un individuo encontrado en la oficina de los guardaparques. Se identificaron ocho especies que pertenecen a cuatro gremios tróficos: nectarívoro, carnívoro, frugívoro e insectívoro. Las especies registradas en refugios naturales fueron tres: Glossophaga soricina, Carollia brevicauda y Vampyrum spectrum (Phyllostomidae). En refugios artificiales se registraron cinco especies: Glossophaga soricina, Artibeus fraterculus, Carollia brevicauda (Phyllostomidae), Molossus molossus (Molossidae) y Myotis nigricans (Vespertilionidae). Rhogeessa velilla y Sturnira bakeri no se observaron en ningún refugio. Se encontraron refugios compartidos entre A. fraterculus y G. soricina y entre C. brevicauda y G. soricina.
Resumen ¿Ha incrementado en un 50% el número de especies de la colección de epífitas del Parque Histórico Guayaquil implementado en el año 2002? Desde esta fecha no se ha realizado ninguna evaluación para conocer el éxito de este proyecto, que se hizo para representar las epifitas en el Bosque Seco Tropical. Por lo expuesto, se hizo una actualización del inventario, se propuso lineamientos de manejo y se elaboró un catálogo de las epífitas. Se utilizó la metodología de Johansson (1974) y se comparó el número de especies y familias entre el 2002 y 2015. Se registraron 36 especies, distribuidas en seis familias: Bromeliaceae (13 sp), (36%), Orchidaceae (11 sp), (31%), Araceae y Cactaceae (4 sp), (11%), Polypodiaceae (2 sp), (8%) y Piperaceae (1 sp), (3%). Estas cifras muestran que el número de especies disminuyó en 55 sp (60.44%) respecto a la siembra inicial de 91 sp. La hipótesis propuesta fue negativa, puesto que se esperaba un incremento del 50% en los 13 años de manejo del Proyecto. Se propone recuperar las especies perdidas, incrementarlas y mantenerlas a través del entrenamiento del personal y difusión de las epífitas. Palabras Clave:Lineamientos, catálogo, colección, inventario, registro, difisión, árboles hospederos. AbstractIn the year 2002 Parque Histórico Guayaquil implemented the Epiphytes! Collection Project in order to represent this stratum in the tropical dry forest. From that date, no evaluation has been made to assess its success. This is why an inventory update was made, along with proposed guidelines and a catalog that illustrates the epiphytes. A total of 36 species were registered, distributed in the Bromeliaceae (13 sp), (36%), Orchidaceae (11 sp), (31%), Araceae and Cactaceae (4 sp), (11%), Polypodiaceae (3 sp), (8%) and Piperaceae (1 sp), (3%) families. These numbers show that the amount of species diminished in 55 sp, (60 .44%) in comparison to the initial sow with 91 sp. The proposed hypothesis was declined since an increase in 50% was expected during the Projects 13 year management. The proposed guidelines included the recuperation, increase and maintenance of lost species. It was also suggested to diffuse information regarding the epiphytes, for which a catalog was created.
Mangroves forests are located in tropical and subtropical regions, its adaptation and distribution in coastal regions is influenced by temperature, humidity, tidal and saline fluctuations. Therefore, there are exposed to multiple environmental fluctuations. Mangroves are inhabited by wildlife but also is supported by a diverse community of microorganisms, including fungi. Several fungi in mangroves have multiple ecological roles as saprotrophs or as an opportunistic pathogen, many of them are also used in the industry, as the genus Aspergillus, that are important in the biomedicine, industrial and environmental applications. In this study we isolated species of fungi from mangrove stems and propagules. They were identified by both morphological and by its molecular characteristics. Here, we report the first isolated of Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus aculeatus from mangrove in Ecuador. Research such as these highlights the importance to determine the role of fungi in mangrove ecosystem.
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