No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

Bio-oil from the fast pyrolysis of agro-residues still need to contemplate different production scenarios to look for its feasibility. For this reason, in this work the effect of a range of fast pyrolysis temperature (450, 480, 510 and 550 °C) processing rape straw biomass (with high K content) has been studied in a continuous bubbling fluidised bed reactor. It was found that the catalytic effect of the inorganic content was different at each fast pyrolysis temperature, with the lower temperatures resulting in the highest yield of biooil due to minor catalytic effect (up to 41.39 wt. %). It was also found that at 480 °C the bio-oil presented the best combination of physico-chemical features such as non-separation

No abstract

Milk production was estimated to contribute with 3-4% of the anthropogenic 11 GHG emissions. However, several differences can be found in the carbon footprint 12 associated to raw milk depending on several factors, such as the geographical area, 13 species of cow and production system. In this work, a global overview of works 14 published on CF of raw cow milk is provided. Additionally, two different dairy systems 15 (semi-confinement and pasture-based) have been analysed by Life Cycle Assessment 16 (LCA) in order to determine the effect on the CF of milk produced. High quality 17 inventory data was obtained directly from these facilities and the main factors involved 18 in milk production were included (co-products, livestock food, water, electricity, diesel, 19 cleaning elements, transport, manure and purines management, gas emissions to air…). 20 In accordance with reviewed literature, it was found that the carbon footprint of milk 21 was basically determined by the cattle feeding and cow gas emissions. The values of 22 milk CF found in the systems under study were within the range for cow milk 23 production worldwide (0.9-4.7 kgCO2eq/kgFPCM). Specifically, in the semi-confinement 24 and the pasture-based dairy farms 1.22 and 0.99 kgCO2eq per kgFPCM were obtained, 25 2respectively. The environmental benefits obtained with the pasture grazing system are 26 mainly due to the less use of purchased fodder but also to the allocation between milk 27 and meat that resulted to be a determinant methodological issue in CF calculation. 28Finally, data of the evaluated dairy systems have been employed to analyse the 29 influence of raw milk production on cheese manufacturing. With this aim, CF of a 30 small-scale cheese factory has also been obtained. The main subsystems involved were included (raw materials, water, electricity, energy, cleaning products, packaging 32 materials, transport, wastes and gas emissions) were included in the inventory of the 33 cheese factory. CF values were 16.6 and 14.7 kgCO2eq per kg of cheese for milk 34 produced in semi-confinement and pasture-based systems, respectively. The production 35 of raw milk meant more than 60% of CO2eq emissions associated to cheese, so the 36 primary production is the principal hot-spot to reduce the GHG emissions derived from 37 cheese making.

This study presents the first insights into the genetic diversity and structure of the American donkey metapopulation. The primary objectives were to detect the main structural features underlying variability among American donkey populations, identify boundaries between differentiated gene pools, and draw the main colonization pathways since the introduction of donkeys into America in the 15th century. A panel of 14 microsatellite markers was applied for genotyping 350 American donkeys from 13 countries. The genetic structure of this metapopulation was analysed using descriptive statistics and Bayesian model-based methods. These populations were then compared to a database containing information on 476 individuals from 11 European breeds to identify the most likely ancestral donor populations. Results showed the presence of two distinct genetic pools, with confluence of the two in Colombia. The southern pool showed a unique genetic signature subsequent to an older founder event, but lacked any significant influence of modern gene flow from Europe. The northern pool, conversely, may have retained more ancestral polymorphisms and/or have experienced modern gene flow from Spanish breeds. The Andalusian and, to a lesser extent, the Catalan breeds have left a more pronounced footprint in some of the American donkey populations analysed.

No abstract