The aim of the paper is to compare different approximations of multilateral trade-resistance in the gravity model and the influence of their use on estimation results for models of EU-trade. Three synthetic variables: for bilateral trade costs, exporter's and importer's remoteness are used as an alternative for including time-varying country effects. Results indicate significant impact of those variables but not wholly compatible with the theory. Estimated coefficients of trade determinants, including Euro's effects, have expected values in both approaches only if the FE estimator is applied.
The paper discusses the problem of migration in spatial and temporal perspective. The objective is to evaluate the intensity and direction of selected economic variables impact on the volume of interregional migration flows in Poland in the period 2004-2010. The analysis was performed using panel gravity model with fixed effects. The socioeconomic situation and especially the level of salaries determine migration directions in Poland. Significant movements keep occurring between economically stronger regions. They indicate tendencies towards obtaining positive net migration.
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